when was watermelon domesticated

Stachyose and raffinose, arriving at the fruit sink, are rapidly metabolized into disaccharides and monosaccharides by -galactosidases29. Ab initio gene predictions were performed using Augustus (v3.2.3)56, GeneMark-ET (v4.33)57 and SNAP (v2006-07-28)58. 32, 244257 (2015). J. Hered. Theor. 8), suggesting that they were derived from the same ancestral population and perhaps domesticated for different purposes: one for seed consumption and the other for fruit flesh. CC, C. colocynthis; CA, C. amarus; CM, C. mucosospermus; CL_LR, C. lanatus landrace; CL_CUL, C. lanatus cultivar. Uniquely aligned read pairs are indicated by orange color. The Iso-Seq libraries were constructed following the standard SMRT bell construction protocol (PacBio) and sequenced on the PacBio RS II platform (PacBio) at Nextomics Biosciences. This study provides valuable genomic resources and sheds light on watermelon speciation and breeding history. ), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD0100703 to Y.X. Resour. A 3500-year-old leaf from a Pharaonic tomb reveals that New - bioRxiv Hot Melon Summer. C. lanatus landraces was then compared with C. mucosospermus to identify selective sweeps associated with domestication-related traits (domestication sweeps). Glow Cooling Eye Balm Review 2023 - The Hollywood Reporter 2e,f). Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. In total, 10,195,082 SNPs with a minor allele frequency of 0.01 or greater and a missing data rate of 50% or less in the entire population were used for GWAS. Bioch. 176, 836850 (2018). Plant regeneration and greenhouse care were performed as described by Tian et al.74. Two C. lanatus accessions collected in Sudan (PI 481871 and PI 254622) were placed in the deepest branch of the C. lanatus clade (Fig. Levi, A. et al. Significance statement With some 197.8 million tons in 2017, watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, is among the World's most important crops, yet its area of origin and domestication have remained unclear, with competing hypotheses favoring South Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, or the Nile valley. The identified MITE and LTR libraries were used to mask the 97103 genome with RepeatMasker (v4.0.7; http://www.repeatmasker.org/). Natl Acad. Genome Res. 2 and Supplementary Tables 10,11). GC content of non-overlapping 500-bp sliding windows in the 97130 v2 assembly and the average per-base sequencing coverage by 97103 Illumina reads are plotted. For each chromosome, the XP-CLR score was calculated with parameter -w1 0.0005 100 100 1 -p0 0.7. Illumina reads were then aligned to the assembled contigs using BWA-MEM (v0.7.12)46 with default parameters, and the resulting alignments were used to further polish the assembled contigs using Pilon47 (v1.22) with parameters -diploid -fix bases -mindepth 10. Walker, B. J. et al. Notably, after long-term domestication and variety improvement, the phenotype traits and metabolites of modern sweet watermelon have changed significantly, and a better flavor of watermelon has . These two regions contained the sucrose synthase gene Cla97C10G194010 and the raffinose synthase gene Cla97C10G196740, which contribute to the synthesis of sucrose and raffinose, respectively, the dominant metabolites transported in watermelon fascicular phloem tissues15. The hidden, ancient history of summer's favorite fruit. Adjacent 10-kb windows with an average XP-CLR score no less than 80% of the genome-wide average were joined, and were further merged if two regions were separated by only one low-score 10-kb window. Sci. Genetic mapping reveals a candidate gene (ClFS1) for fruit shape in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). The Cas9-free homozygous Claga2 mutant lines were obtained by selecting against the transgene in the segregating T2 generation using primers binding to the 35S and Cas9 sequences (Supplementary Table 20). In total, 410.7Gb cleaned BioNano optical map data were generated and assembled de novo into BioNano genome maps, which were used to connect PacBio assembled contigs, resulting in 149 scaffolds with an N50 size of 21.9Mb and a cumulative length of 365.1Mb. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. We thank S. Renner (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) for helpful discussion on watermelon taxonomy. Citrullus mucosospermus is mainly grown for seed consumption and is now distributed in western Africa5. Zhang, J. et al. 10), correlating with level of nucleotide diversity. Improving Watermelons by Harvesting Genes From Wild Species - SciTechDaily Protoc. 25,26). Phylogenetic and population structure inferences revealed a close relationship and shared ancestry between C. mucosospermus and C. lanatus (Fig. and 31471893 and 31672178 to W.L. Six different tissues (apical point, carpopodium, fruit flesh, stem, leaf and root) were sampled at four time points: 10, 18, 26 and 34 d after pollination. Mol. Genetics 197, 573589 (2014). Z.F. 9), which harbors the sugar transporter gene ClTST2 (Cla97C02G036390, Fig. The modified Bonferroni correction was used to determine the genome-wide significance thresholds of the GWAS, based on a nominal level of =0.05 and =0.01 (ref. In a 1949 study on watermelon breeding published in the scintillating-sounding journal Economic Botany, G.K. Parris wrote that "Most of the varieties 40 to 50 years ago have disappeared, . Moreover, a genome introgression from C. colocynthis to C. lanatus was identified at 9.6610.32Mb of chromosome 4 (Supplementary Fig. BMC Bioinformatics 5, 59 (2004). 3b, Supplementary Fig. 75) to be expressed under the Arabidopsis U6 promoter, alongside the Zea mays codon-optimized Cas9 driven by the double CaMV 35S promoter. Am. 33) was highly expressed in fruit flesh and its expression levels positively correlated with increased lycopene accumulation during fruit ripening23 (Supplementary Fig. Gray horizontal dashed lines indicate the Bonferroni-corrected significance thresholds of GWAS (=0.05 and =0.01, respectively). Watermelon has been domesticated for more than 4,000 years, and has been improved by domestication and modern breeding from wild watermelons with small fruits harboring hard, pale-colored and bitter- or bland-tasting flesh, into modern sweet watermelons carrying large fruits with crisp sweet and red flesh and a thin rind2. Evol. 16b), overlapping with the Fusarium oxysporum race 1 resistance QTL Fo-1.4 (ref. Citrullus ecirrhosus and Citrullus rehmii are adapted to a desert environment and are endemic to southern Africa. Paris, H. S. Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus. Gene flow was also present between C. ecirrhosus and C. mucosospermus, and between C. ecirrhosus and C. amarus, whereas no significant gene flow was detected between C. amarus and C. mucosospermus (Fig. PubMed Central Date: November 1, 2019 Source: Boyce Thompson Institute Summary: An international team of researchers has taken a comprehensive look at the genomes of all seven species of watermelon, creating a. 8, 43214325 (1980). Using GWAS, genomic regions associated with key fruit quality traits were identified, providing useful information for watermelon breeding and further identification of causal variations. 6). Raw Illumina reads were processed to remove adapter sequences using Picard v2.0.1 (https://broadinstitute.github.io/picard/). B. et al. 20, 87110 (Springer, 2017). Native to Africa, it was a valuable and portable source of water for desert situations and when natural water supplies were contaminated. Researchers Uncover the Watermelon's Origins - Smithsonian Magazine Indeed, the researchers found that cultivated watermelon was domesticated by breeding out the bitterness and increasing sweetness, fruit size and flesh color. PubMed Phytoene synthase (PSY) is the first rate-limiting enzyme in the carotenogenesis pathway and defines the size of the carotenoid pool32. Comprehensive assessment indicated that the quality of this new assembly was high and substantially improved compared to the previous assembly (Supplementary Note, Supplementary Tables 2,3 and Extended Data Figs. Furthermore, the fixation index (FST) between C. mucosospermus and C. lanatus was only 0.299, whereas the pairwise FST between C. amarus and the other species ranged from 0.509 to 0.686 (Extended Data Fig. Google Scholar. 202, 2531 (2016). With the help of DNA and Egyptian tomb paintings, a long debate has been settled. In addition, C. colocynthis, C. amarus and C. mucosospermus have been used in breeding programs to identify new sources of disease and pest resistance for the improvement of sweet watermelon3. The world map was generated using the R package rworldmap (v1.3-6, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rworldmap/index.html). How natural and human selections leading to marked phenotypic changes have shaped the watermelon genome remains largely unknown. 16) and harboring a lycopene -cyclase gene (LCYB, Cla97C04G070940). Rind color, rind stripe, seed color and flesh color were determined by visual observation. New Phytol. S.G., H.S., X.W., S.W., S.Z., T.L., Y.R., L.G., J.L., J.Z. Flesh colors were divided into white, pale yellow, yellow, orange, pink and red. Plants from some accessions showed abnormal fruit growth and were therefore excluded from the phenotypic analysis. Sci. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, 2n=2=22) is one of the most popular fruit crops worldwide. To investigate genome changes during evolution that may underlie the disease resistance present in C. amarus, we searched for signatures of selection in C. amarus from C. colocynthis and identified 151 selective sweeps, covering 10.9Mb and 364 genes (Fig. We know this because archaeologists found watermelon seeds, along with the remnants of other. About half of the changes have occurred since the 15th century when European settlers. Briefly, a small piece of flesh from the mature fruit was tasted by three people trained to detect bitterness, and the fruit samples were categorized into bitter and non-bitter groups. Memorial Day weekend is the unofficial beginning of the summer picnic and cookout season in the U.S., which means it's also Proc. Genome Res. For genome resequencing and phenotyping, 117 watermelon accessions were planted, in triplicate, in a randomized block design, in Yanqing Experiment Station (40 46 N, 115 90 E) of the National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, and another 298 watermelon accessions were planted in Xinxiang Experiment Station (35 18N, 113 55E) of the Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2015. Genet. Scale bar, 5cm. All 209 red- or pink-fleshed C. lanatus accessions carried the F226V substitution in LCYB, whereas the 14 orange- and 20 yellow-fleshed C. lanatus accessions and all C. colocynthis, C. amarus and C. mucosospermus accessions had the wild-type allele. A space-efficient and accurate method for mapping and aligning cDNA sequences onto genomic sequence. Renner, S. S., Sousa, A. Bioinformatics 30, 21142120 (2014). Google Scholar. This much improved 97103 genome provides a robust reference for watermelon research and genetic improvement. Nat. Danecek, P. et al. and the US National Science Foundation (IOS-1339287 and IOS-1539831 to Z.F.). PacBio reads were aligned to the raw assembly using BLASR (v5.1)45 with parameters -bam -bestn 5 -minMatch 18 -nproc 6 -minSubreadLength 1000 -minAlnLength 500 -minPctSimilarity 70 -minPctAccuracy 70 -hitPolicy randombest -randomSeed 1, followed by correction of errors in the assembled contigs with Arrow (v2.2.2; PacBio). On the basis of the alignments, the hybrid scaffolds were further assembled into super-scaffolds using SALSA (v2.2)50 with parameters -e GATC -i 2. Finally, 31 scaffolds with a total size of 362.7Mb (99.3% of the assembly) were clustered into 11 chromosomes ranging from 27.1 to 37.9Mb in length (Extended Data Figs. Watermelon accessions were obtained from the Germplasm Bank of National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables of China, the National Mid-term Genebank for Watermelon and Melon of China and The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. Fruit bitterness was determined by tasting as described by Zhang et al.39. 2d). Rapid and practical molecular marker development for rind traits in watermelon. Selection for non-bitter fruits probably occurred during the initial domestication of sweet watermelon. a, Alignments of BioNano maps to chromosome 11 of the 97103 assembly. Nature 20 September 2018 By Tanya Lewis, Business Insider (Warut Roonguthai/Wikimedia) Next time you bite into a slice of watermelon or a cob of corn, consider this: these familiar fruits and veggies didn't always look and taste this way. Evaluation of the nutritional quality of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra Bailey) using UHPLC-Quadrupole-Orbitrap MS/MS-based metabolomics. . 11, 5874 (2018). Mol. Guo, S. G. et al. Braumann, I., Stein, N. & Hansson, M. Reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis in heterozygous barley magnesium chelatase mutants. The molecules were counterstained using the protocol provided with the IrysPrep reagent kit. Phytochemistry 67, 23182331 (2006). 41, D590D596 (2013). 131, 747756 (2012). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Red fruit flesh color was later selected for in sweet watermelons by maintaining an amino acid substitution in the lycopene metabolism enzyme LCYB. Plant Physiol. Plants 2, 16183 (2016). Nimmakayala, P. et al. Cantarel, B. L. et al. 19), and Cla97C04G068530, which encodes a magnesium-chelatase subunit H involved in chlorophyll synthesis20. For sugar content, phenotypic data of the population grown in Xinxiang and the population grown in Yanqing were analyzed separately for GWAS, whereas for other traits, phenotypic data from the two populations were combined for the analyses. GWAS analyses were performed using the linear mixed model algorithm implemented in the FaST-LMM program. Our GWAS analysis identified a strong signal on chromosome 4 associated with flesh color, which contained the LCYB gene Cla97C04G070940 (Fig. Bi-allelic SNPs with a missing data rate less than 15% and a minor allele count greater than three were kept for population genomic analyses. Lomsadze, A., Burns, P. D. & Borodovsky, M. Integration of mapped RNA-Seq reads into automatic training of eukaryotic gene finding algorithm. We identified an introgression from C. amarus to C. lanatus on chromosome 6 at around 28.329.3Mb (Supplementary Fig. Li, M. X., Yeung, J. M. Y., Cherny, S. S. & Sham, P. C. Evaluating the effective numbers of independent tests and significant p-value thresholds in commercial genotyping arrays and public imputation reference datasets. Harvesting genes to improve watermelons -- ScienceDaily Park, S. W., Kim, K. T., Kang, S. C. & Yang, H. B. Susanne S. Renner et al. PubMed Five watermelon fruit weight QTLs, Qfwt2-1, Qfwt2-2, Qfwt3, Qfwt5-1 and Qfwt5-2, have been identified using segregating populations9,24. Genet. & Salzberg, S. L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. A kinship (K) matrix generated with the FaST-LMM program (v2.07)71 was used to correct the population structure. 127, 21052115 (2014). Proc. 9,16) (Fig. Trimmomatic42 (v0.36) was used to trim low-quality and adapter sequences. The cDNA product was filtered using the BluePippin DNA Size Selection System (Sage Science). H.Z., J.S., G.G., N.H., M.L., Y.D., Y.W., S.T and Y.Z. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 20, 393402 (2010). & Chomicki, G. Chromosome numbers, Sudanese wild forms, and classification of the watermelon genus Citrullus, with 50 names allocated to seven biological species. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. A previous study showed that an elevated sugar level activates the watermelon fruit chromoplast-localized phosphate transporter ClPHT4;2 (Cla97C10G205070), the function of which is necessary for carotenoid accumulation in fruit flesh36. Y.X., W.L., Z.F. Comparison between modern C. lanatus cultivars and landraces identified 125 selective sweeps (17.2Mb and 667 genes) related to sweet watermelon improvement (improvement sweeps) (Fig. Internet Explorer). The genome sequence of 97103 (version 2) is also available at the Cucurbit Genomics Database (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/organism/21). Raw BioNano data were cleaned by removing molecules matching any of the following rules: length less than 150kb, molecule signal-to-noise ratio less than 2.75 and label signal-to-noise ratio less than 2.75, or label intensity greater 0.8. C. mucosospermus was first compared with C. colocynthis to uncover genomic regions under selection mostly during speciation from C. colocynthis to C. mucosospermus (referred to hereafter as speciation sweeps). High-throughput Illumina strand-specific RNA sequencing library preparation. 97, 177185 (2006). Quast, C. et al. Color bar at the bottom represents the density of Hi-C interactions, which are indicated number of links (N links) at the 100-kb resolution. Qfwt2-1 and Qfwt3 overlapped with both speciation and domestication sweeps (Fig. 7), and genetic diversity was substantially higher in C. mucosospermus than in C. lanatus landraces (Supplementary Fig. Briefly, frozen ground powdered samples (200mg) were extracted with 1ml of methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (v/v). and X.L. 729757 (Marcel Dekker, 1996). In addition, a sweetness locus, FCE10.1 (ref. Comparative transcriptome analysis of cultivated and wild watermelon during fruit development. 116, 133148 (2015). 10). Nucleic Acids Res. Seed coat colors were divided into red, rufous and non-red. Resequencing of 414 cultivated and wild watermelon accessions identifies selection for fruit quality traits, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0518-4. Google Scholar. Red bars at the bottom of each plot indicate candidate selective sweeps in the watermelon genome. For PacBio sequencing, high molecular weight (HMW) DNA was extracted from young fresh leaves of 97103 with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method40. The decays of LD (r2) with physical distance (kilobases) for SNPs in five different Citrullus groups are shown. The fruit of C. colocynthis had low levels of disaccharides and monosaccharides, but abundant raffinose and stachyose, whereas the fruit of C. lanatus showed an opposite pattern (Supplementary Fig. Fruit weight QTLs: Qfwt2-1, Qfwt3 and Qfwt5-1. Levi, A., Thomas, C. E., Joobeur, T., Zhang, X. Where do watermelons originate from? | Kew Watermelons were cultivated in Egypt and India as far back as 2500 B.C. 9, 586596 (1981). Combined with previous findings on genome organization differences between C. amarus and C. lanatus shown by ribosomal DNA chromosome landmarks6,11 and indicated by non-Mendelian segregation in genetic populations derived from crosses between C. amarus and C. lanatus12, these results suggest that C. amarus and the lineage including C. mucosospermus and C. lanatus might have been derived from different ancestral populations or evolved independently after divergence. C. colocynthis (=6.75103) and C. amarus (=2.28103) had much greater nucleotide diversity than C. mucosospermus (=0.792103) and C. lanatus landraces (=0.56103) and cultivars (=0.548103). Appl. 1d). Each dot represents a homologous region between the two genomes. Genet. 281, 4046140472 (2006). Lohmann, A. et al. Modern sweet watermelons are susceptible to many diseases and pests. Cheng, Y. et al. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rworldmap/index.html, http://www.repeatmasker.org/RepeatModeler/, ftp://cucurbitgenomics.org/pub/cucurbit/reseq/watermelon/v2/. For PacBio Iso-Seq, full-length complementary DNA was synthesized from a mixture of total RNA from the six tissues using the SMARTer PCR cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara Bio). By Dr Oscar Alejandro Prez Escobar and Chelsea Snell Squeezed and sliced into fresh cocktails and salads, the bright pink juicy flesh of a watermelon is an iconic summer delight. These results suggested that this mutation in LCYB, which possibly leads to increased lycopene accumulation, was selected for and largely fixed in sweet watermelon, resulting in the red flesh color in most modern cultivars. 9 Multidimensional scaling of pairwise, Extended Data Fig. 60, 20912100 (2013). Google Scholar. Rind colors were categorized into yellow, white, light green, middle green, green and dark green. Mayer, A. M. Polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi: Going places? Known QTL regions are highlighted in light green. X.Z. The DNA was randomly sheared to fragments with an average size of 20kb using g-TUBE (Covaris) and the sheared DNA was used to construct the PacBio SMRT libraries following the standard SMRT bell construction protocol (PacBio). A Renaissance painting reveals how breeding changed watermelons Theor. The Kordofan melon, which is about six inches wide, white on the inside and a pale, gently striated green on the outside, has long been grown by farmers in what is now Sudan. performed fruit quality trait measurement and analyses. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout in watermelon. Falush, D., Stephens, M. & Pritchard, J. K. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Two C. lanatus accessions from Sudan located in the deepest branch of the C. lanatus clade are indicated by the arrow. Schaffer, A. Watermelon domestication was shaped by stepwise selection and - PubMed The geographic region of watermelon domestication has longremained unclear with competing hypotheses favoring southernAfrica, West Africa, and Northeast Africa, especially the Kordofanregion (9, 11-19), a former province of Sudan bordering North andSouth Darfur, and part of the western Sahel savannas. Miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) and long terminal repeat (LTR) libraries were constructed by scanning the 97103 genome using MITE-Hunter (v11-2011)51 and LTRharvest (v1.5.9)52, respectively. ), Leading Talents of Guangdong Province Program (00201515 to S.H. Hi-C read pairs were filtered using programs filter_data_parallel with parameters -y -B 50 -a 3 -b 2 -c 3 -d 2 -l 400 -q 33 and duplication150 with default parameters, in the SOAPdenovo2 package (r240)48. New genomic analysis may lead to improved watermelon Each sample had three biological replicates. Nucleic Acids Res. Chin, C. S. et al. New Phytol. The large size of harvestable plant organs is one of the most important characteristics that farmers choose when keeping and propagating seeds. Among the selective sweeps detected between C. colocynthis and C. amarus, three regions overlapped with Qfwt2-1 and Qfwt3 (Fig. History of Watermelon - The Spruce Eats Rind stripes were categorized into no-stripe, netted, narrow, middle and wide stripe. The average ratio of shared variation sites of the two groups was calculated in each of the 200-kb windows with a step size of 20kb. Chomicki, G. & Renner, S. S. Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: another example of museomics. President Joe Biden and first lady Dr. Jill Biden are set to fte India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Thursday evening at the White House, hosting a lavish, tented state dinner featuring a plant . 2 teaspoons honey. Except Cla97C03G057100, which was associated with seed color, all other genes were abundantly expressed in the flesh and rind, with those associated with flesh sweetness being expressed at much higher levels in the flesh of 97103 than in that of PI 296341-FR, further supporting their potential roles in these fruit quality traits (Supplementary Table 7). Taken together, these results suggest that pathways controlling vibrant fruit flesh color and increased sweetness, two highly correlated traits (Supplementary Fig. However, whether these loci have contributed to watermelon fruit size enlargement during speciation, domestication or improvement remains unknown. Nucleic Acids Res. 3c). Watermelon domestication was shaped by stepwise selection and CAS The version described in this paper is version AGCB02000000. Cla97C01G008760 was located in a genomic region that was highly differentiated between C. lanatus landraces and C. mucosospermus (Supplementary Figs. 14), was found in the improvement sweeps (Fig. Significant GWAS signals are indicated by vertical black arrows. performed data analyses. BMC Plant Biol. Plant Physiol. In total, 43 association signals were identified, of which eight overlapped with previously identified QTLs. Sun, J. et al. 13). & Morgenstern, B. AUGUSTUS at EGASP: using EST, protein and genomic alignments for improved gene prediction in the human genome. QTLs Qfru2-3, QBRX2-1 and QBrix6, which are known to control fruit flesh sugar content9,24, overlapped with domestication sweeps (Fig. Dou, J. L. et al. The libraries were sequenced using the P6-C4 chemistry on a PacBio Sequel sequencing platform (PacBio) at Nextomics Biosciences (Wuhan, China). These results suggest that the regulation of PSY1 expression might contribute to the transition from pale-colored to red, orange or yellow flesh by increasing total carotenoid production in the ripening fruit of sweet watermelon. The UniProt Consortium. ISSN 1061-4036 (print). 2c); this QTL harbors the candidate gene ClTST2, which, when overexpressed, causes elevated sugar levels in fruit and also leads to flesh color development35. Sci. 3c). The average fruit weight of C. colocynthis accessions in this study was approximately 0.21kg. Chaisson, M. J. 12a). The genome sequence of 97013 has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession AGCB00000000. BMC Plant Biol. 42, e119 (2014). Breeding 20, 6372 (2007). Introgression and selection shaping the genome and adaptive loci of weedy rice in northern China. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles 12d). High-level expression of a novel chromoplast phosphate transporter ClPHT4;2 is required for flesh color development in watermelon. Here we report an improved watermelon reference genome and whole-genome resequencing of 414 accessions representing all extant species in the Citrullus genus. PLoS One 10, e0130267 (2015). Google Scholar. Han, Y. J. Just in time for picnic-table trivia, a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences rewrites the origins of domesticated watermelons.. Ren, Y. et al. CA, C. amarus; CC, C. colocynthis; CE, C. ecirrhosus; CL_CUL, C. lanatus cultivar; CL_LR, C. lanatus landrace; CM, C. mucosospermus; CN, C. naudinianus; CR, C. rehmii. 3a, Supplementary Fig. At the SNP site leading to a premature stop codon of ClBt associated with non-bitterness25 (Chr01:3,216,322C to T), all C. colocynthis, C. amarus and C. mucosospermus accessions carrying bitter fruits had the homozygous bitter allele (C), whereas the homozygous non-bitterness allele (T) was found in all 12 non-bitter C. mucosospermus and all C. lanatus accessions, suggesting that this non-bitterness allele arose in the progenitor of C. lanatus and is fixed in sweet watermelons. & Wessler, S. R. MITE-Hunter: a program for discovering miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements from genomic sequences. In total, 20.3Gb of PacBio sequences were generated with an N50 length of 10.8kb, covering approximately 47.2 of the watermelon genome. 3a,b). 5). 4). Flesh sweetness QTLs: FCE10.1, QBrix6, QBRX2-1 and Qfru2-3. Martin, S. H., Davey, J. W. & Jiggins, C. D. Evaluating the use of ABBA-BABA statistics to locate introgressed loci. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Weak reproductive barriers have obscured the taxonomy of Citrullus species2,4. PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. What fruits and vegetables looked like before we domesticated them

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