Compare Canada, which possesses a relatively small slice of the population pie and owns a large slice of the wealth pie, with India. It is harder for females to get credit to expand businesses, to take the time to learn a new skill, or to spend extra hours improving their craft so as to be able to earn at a higher rate. The result is that while men and women may have the same rate of economic poverty, women are suffering more in terms of overall well-being (Buvini1997). Use terminology from Wallerstein's world systems approach. Buvini, M. 1997. Often the culprit is portrayed as the high value of the Canadian dollar compared to the American dollar. Does it make sense that poverty is in the eye of the beholder? Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. France might be classified as which kind of nation? Inequality - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics U.S. Department of State. Prejudice and discriminationwhether against a certain race, ethnicity, religion, or the likecan create and aggravate conditions of economic equality, both within and between nations. Want to create or adapt OER like this? Cross-nationally, crime rates are higher, particularly with violent crime, in countries with higher levels of income inequality (Fajnzylber, Lederman, and Loayza 2002). Familiar and still used by many, it involves classifying countries into first world, second world, and third world nations based on respective economic development and standards of living. Why? Does it mean living with almost no furniture in your apartment because your income does not allow for extras like beds or chairs? Global Stratification and Classification Mental health is also detrimentally affected by the emotional stresses of poverty, with relative deprivation carrying the strongest effect. Myrdal, Gunnar. While stratification in Canada refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals, global stratification refers to this unequal distribution among nations. Low-income economies are primarily found in Asia and Africa, where most of the worlds population lives(World Bank 2011). 14. 11. 2009. Modernization theory suggested that societies moved through natural stages of development as they progressed toward becoming developed societies (i.e., stable, democratic, market oriented, and capitalist). A critical sociologist would likely address the systematic inequality created when core nations exploit the resources of peripheral nations. The resources of the hinterlands were shipped to the metropolises where they were converted into manufactured goods and shipped back for consumption in the hinterlands. Ch. 10 Introduction to Global Inequality - Introduction to Sociology 2e Sociology is the scientific and systematic study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups. From culturally sanctioned rape to state-sanctioned executions, the abuses are serious. Chapter4. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. Slavery in the preCivil War American South most closely resembled ________________. Global Inequality - Inequality.org Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Retrieved January 3, 2012 (http://www.amnesty.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity). A| 14. Is it fair for powerful countries to make rules that make it difficult for less-powerful nations to compete on the global scene? All societies today have social inequality. Castells, Manuel. What does it mean to be poor? interested in it. A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would ____________________________________. B| 5. When it comes to global inequality, both economic inequality and social inequality may concentrate the burden of poverty among certain segments of the Earths population (Myrdal 1970). Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification. 12. Global Stratification and Classification Describe global stratification. The early 1990s saw the economic opening of China when suddenly millions of workers were available to produce and manufacture consumer items for Westerners at a fraction of the cost of Western production. Organizations like the Better Factories Cambodia program inspect garment production regularly in Cambodia, enabling stores like Mountain Equipment Co-op to purchase reports on the factory chains it relies on. That means that multinational corporations that might earn billions in offices and factories around the globe are considered part of acore nations GNI if they have headquarters in the core nations. While there are myriad variables affecting womens poverty, research specializing in this issue identifies three causes: In short, this means that within an impoverished household, women are more likely to go hungry than men; in agricultural aid programs, women are less likely to receive help than men; and often, women are left taking care of families with no male counterpart. In the period of colonialism, core or metropolis nations created the conditions for the underdevelopment of peripheral or hinterland nations through a metropolis-hinterland relationship. Modernization theory, dependency theory, and globalization theory are three of the most common lenses sociologists use when looking at the issues of global inequality. Outsourcing shifts production to low-wage enclaves, displacement leads to higher unemployment rates in the traditionally wealthy global north, people migrate from rural to urban areas and slum cities and illegally from poor countries to rich countries, while large numbers of workers simply become redundant to global production and turn to informal, casual labour. In fact, many believe that Chinas success in recent times has much to do with its draconian population control rules. But it is true that you might feel poor if you are living without a car to drive to and from work, without any money for a safety net should a family member fall ill, and without any extras beyond just making ends meet. The World Factbook. Retrieved January 5, 2012 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_noa.html). Global Inequality - NSCC Introduction to Sociology Mackinnon, Mark and Marina Strauss. Social inequality can be related to: differences in incomes. Global Wealth and Poverty D| 6. Chang writes, Dongguan was a place without memory., absolute poverty the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities, anti-globalization movement a global counter-movement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization, capital flight the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources, chattel slavery a form of slavery in which one person owns another, core nations dominant capitalist countries, debt accumulation the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals, debt bondage when people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom, deindustrialization the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower, dependency theory theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations, first world a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies, fourth world a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage, global feminization a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty, global inequality the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority, global stratification the unequal distribution of resources between countries, gross national income (GNI) the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country, metropolis-hinterland relationship the relationship between nations when resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises where they are converted into manufactured goods and shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption, modernization theory a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work, peripheral nations nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization, relative poverty the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country, second world a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living, semi-peripheral nations in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle-class marketplace, subjective poverty a state of poverty subjectively present when ones actual income does not meet ones expectations, third world a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, nonindustrialized countries, underground economy an unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections. Some researchers show that globalization accentuates inequality both within and between countries. How did wealth become concentrated in some nations? Global inequalities of income and wealth are on the increase, in most respects, while global poverty has been significantly reduced in recent years. Inequality "concept 3", or global inequality, where "unlike the first two concepts, this one is individual-based: each person, regardless of her country, enters in the calculation with her actual income (Milanovic 2012, p. 4). Certain groups are disproportionately affected by such disparities, including migrants . That is not to say there is not diversity within the countries of that continent; countries like South Africa and Egypt have much lower rates of poverty than Angola and Ethiopia, for instance. To learn more about the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, go to: http://openstaxcollege.org/l/UN_development_goals, To learn more about the existence and impact of global poverty, peruse the data here: http://openstaxcollege.org/l/poverty_data, 10.2. The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline. However, global income inequality between countries has recently lessened. Global Stratification and Classification Answer A A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would: study how inequality is created and reproduced study how corporations can improve the lives of their low-income workers try to understand how companies provide an advantage to high-income nations compared to low-income nations Why does it seem normal that the issue of worker safety in garment factories is set up in this way? Ontario has been the traditional centre of manufacturing in Canada since the 19thcentury. They are skilled workers, but they are paid a fraction of what similar workers are paid in Canada. The chapter that addresses globalisation and the global dimensions of inequality is a strength, in particular the way it problematises the subjective nature of inequality on a global scale. Deindustrialization, a related issue, occurs as a consequence of capital flight, as no new companies open to replace jobs lost to foreign nations. Examining social stratification requires a macrosociological perspective in order to view societal systems that make inequalities visible. 1 in 2 Black adults have accrued credit card debt during the past three months. 2012. Capital flight also occurs when services (as opposed to manufacturing) are relocated. In fact it can be very difficult to discover where exactly the items we use everyday have come from. Inequalities based on sexual orientation and gender identity exist around the globe. Those who evaluate global inequality and consider it to violate human rights may advocate for solutions to inequality using the language of social justice. The building, like 90 percent of Dhakas 4,000 garment factories, was structurally unsound. Consider the matter of rock-bottom prices at Walmart. Central Intelligence Agency. Many clothing corporations have shut down their Canadian factories and relocated to China. In Canada, unemployment is high. For example, how many Canadian companies move operations offshore to take advantage of overseas workers who lack the constitutional protection and guaranteed minimum wages that exist in Canada? 2007. By 2001, so much money was leaving the country that there was a financial panic, leading to riots and ultimately, the resignation of the president (U.S. Department of State 2011a). In the end, the article suggests that, whether selling medicinal wines in Thailand or woven bracelets in India, the workers of the underground economy at least have what most people want most of all: a chance to stay afloat (Barta 2009). In the analysis of inequality, there is a great deal of complexity (and potential for ambiguity) in the empirical operationalization of broad concepts like power, status, income, or wealth. The challenge, then, is to allow the benefits of modernization while maintaining a cultural sensitivity to what already exists. According to Amnesty International, a number of types of crimes are committed against individuals who do not conform to traditional gender roles or sexual orientations (however those are culturally defined). In general, time is one of the few luxuries the very poor have, but study after study has shown that women in poverty, who are responsible for all family comforts as well as any earnings they can make, have less of it. A recent article in the Wall Street Journal discusses the challenges, parameters, and surprising benefits of this informal marketplace. Capitalism and Global Inequality There is no room within this theory for the possibility that industrialization and technology are not the best goals. 10.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification At one time, the garment industry was important in Canada, centred on Spadina Avenue in Toronto and Chabanel Street in Montreal. 10.3. This was the era when the idea of geopolitical noblesse oblige (first-world responsibility) took root, suggesting that the so-called developed nations should provide foreign aid to the less-developed and underdeveloped nations in order to raise their standard of living. 2002. Even in the areas that made gains, the successes are tenuous. When travel is involved, people can arrive in debt for their travel expenses and be unable to work their way free, since their wages do not allow them to ever get ahead. The two most widely applied perspectives on global stratification are modernization theory and dependency theory. They are unable to participate in society in a meaningful way. Gender inequity is another global concern. D, Figure 10.2. Argentina is one nation that suffered from increasing debt load in the early 2000s, as the country tried to fight hyperinflation by fixing the peso to the U.S. dollar. They go from the traditional family affiliations and narrow options of the past to life in a perpetual present. Friendships are fleeting and fragile, forms of life are improvised and sketchy, and everything they do is marked by the goals of upward mobility, resolute individualism, and an obsession with prosperity. Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that____________________________________. One is among the rich and the poor worldwide, as Oxfam has noted in its reports, that is, inequality among people. They are not on factory floors or in traditional sweatshops; they are educated, speak at least two languages, and usually have significant technology skills. All societies today have social inequality. What is global inequality? | Oxfam What do the driver of an unlicensed speedy cab in St. Catharines, a piecework seamstress working from her home in Mumbai, and a street tortilla vendor in Mexico City have in common? Does it mean being a single mother with two kids in Toronto, waiting for her next paycheque before she can buy groceries? 2012a. (Central Intelligence Agency 2011), Introduction to Sociology 1st Canadian Edition, http://openstaxcollege.org/l/UN_development_goals, http://openstaxcollege.org/l/poverty_data, http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-ctn-pln-cmbt/index-eng.aspx, http://www.amnesty.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_noa.html, https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/Ontario%20Office/2014/03/Seismic%20ShiftFINAL.pdf, http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/home, http://www.antislavery.org/english/slavery_today/what_is_modern_slavery.aspx, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123698646833925567.html, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/spinning-tragedy-the-true-cost-of-a-t-shirt/article14849193/, http://www.globalissues.org/print/article/4, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm#econ, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm#econ, http://world-poverty.org/povertyinafrica.aspx, http://world-poverty.org/povertyinasia.aspx, http://world-poverty.org/povertyinlatinamerica.aspx, http://edu.learnsoc.org/Chapters/3%20theories%20of%20sociology/11%20modernization%20theory.htm, http://ou-nl.academia.edu/MarjoleinCaniels/Papers/645947/Power_and_dependence_perspectives_on_outsourcing_decisions, http://edu.learnsoc.org/Chapters/3%20theories%20of%20sociology/5%20dependency%20theory.htm, https://www.flickr.com/photos/37153080@N00/62624493/, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/, Introduction to Sociology - 1st Canadian Edition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Understand how different classification systems have developed, Use terminology from Wallersteins world systems approach, Explain the World Banks classification of economies, Understand the differences between relative, absolute, and subjective poverty, Describe the economic situation of some of the worlds most impoverished areas, Explain the cyclical impact of the consequences of poverty, Describe the modernization and dependency theory perspectives on global stratification, To promote gender equality and empower women, To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, To develop a global partnership for development (United Nations 2010), The expansion of female-headed households, The persistence and consequences of intra-household inequalities and biases against women, The implementation of neoliberal economic policies around the world (Mogadham 2005), An adjustment of cultural values and attitudes to work, Industrialization and other forms of economic growth (Armer and Katsillis 2010), Study how inequality is created and reproduced, Study how corporations can improve the lives of their low-income workersTtry to understand how companies provide an advantage to high-income nations compared to low-income nations, Want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis, That previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations, That previously high-income nations such as China have been economically overpowered by low-income nations entering the global marketplace, That countries such as China are growing more dependent on core nations, That countries such as China do not necessarily want to be more like core nations, That semi-peripheral nations are incapable of industrializing, That peripheral nations prevent semi-peripheral nations from entering the global market, The importance of semi-peripheral nations industrializing, Core nations and peripheral nations exploit semi-peripheral nations, Semi-peripheral nations exploit core nations. In 2010, the average GNI of a high-income nation that did not belong to the OECD was $23,839 per capita and 83 percent was urban. The symbolic interaction perspective studies the day-to-day impact of global inequality, the meanings individuals attach to global stratification, and the subjective nature of poverty. Some of these countries include Canada, the United States, Germany,and the United Kingdom (World Bank 2011). McMichael, Philip. According to modernization theory, low-income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization and can improve their global economic standing through: Critics point out the inherent ethnocentric bias of this theory. Amnesty International. Ch. 10 Introduction - Introduction to Sociology 3e | OpenStax Researchers try to understand global inequality by classifying it according to factors such as how industrialized a nation is, whether it serves as a means of production or as an owner, and . You might feel you are poor if you cant afford cable television or your own car. Social inequality in education is universally observed in countries in which children are brought up in unequal families; they enter school with unequal linguistic, cognitive, and cultural assets and attain unequal levels of achievement. Not surprisingly, the consequences of poverty are often also causes. Background Note: Rwanda. Retrieved January 3, 2012 (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm#econ). gross national income (GNI) : The income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations . Having been put on the defensive for their overseas sweatshop practices, companies like Loblaw have pledged to improve working conditions in their suppliers factories, but compliance has proven difficult to ensure because of the increasingly complex web of globalized production (MacKinnon and Strauss 2013). Many of Africas natural resources were long ago taken by colonial forces, leaving little agricultural and mineral wealth on the continent. Introduction to Global Inequality; 10.1 Global Stratification and Classification; 10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty; 10.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification; Key Terms; Section Summary; Section Quiz; Short Answer; Further Research; References Moreover, they make unequal choices, leading to unequal levels of education and social reproduction. Or does it mean the distended bellies of the chronically malnourished throughout the peripheral nations of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia? Mike is living in ___________________. Overall, African income levels have been dropping relative to the rest of the world, meaning that Africa as a whole is getting relatively poorer. It was clearly in line with Cold War ideology, but it also echoed widely held beliefs about the idea of social progress as an evolutionary process. Official statistics before the 2008 worldwide recession posit that the underground economy accounted for over 50 percent of non-agricultural work in Latin America; the figure went as high as 80 percent in parts of Asia and Africa (Chen 2001). A| 3. Global Stratification and Classification, 10.3. While there is often criticism of the World Bank, both for its policies and its method of calculating data, it is still a common source for global economic data. The World Bank defines low-income countries as nations having aGNI of$1,005 per capita or less in 2010. However, as the cost of Chinese labour has incrementally increased since the 1990s, the Chinese have moved into the role of connecting Western retailers and designers with production centres elsewhere. Chapter nine Global Stratification, in our text book Sociology in Our Times by Diana Kendall gives us a deep insight on the perspectives and theory's that help us to view wealth, poverty, and global inequalities from different sides. Check out the following link to learn more about trafficking in Canada: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-ctn-pln-cmbt/index-eng.aspx; http://www.canadianwomen.org/trafficking, 10.3. Abstract. 2009. How will you find this information? In a B.C. Modernization theory posits that countries go through evolutionary stages and that industrialization and improved technology are the keys to forward movement. Global Stratification. (3) technical assistance to build capacity, especially on government taxation and spending. Rustow, Walt. The majority of the poorest countries in the world are in Africa. Does your school adhere to any principles of fare trade? In some ways, the term global feminization of poverty says it all: around the world, women are bearing a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty. It can manifest in a variety of ways, like income and wealth inequality, unequal access to education and cultural resources, and differential treatment by the police and judicial system, among . When it comes to global inequality, both . This view might assert, for example, that we have global inequality because some nations are better than others at adapting to new technologies and profiting from a globalized economy, and that when core nation companies locate in peripheral nations, they expand the local economy and benefit the workers. This is up from 45.8 percent of total wealth share in 2020. World Poverty. (Credit: Alicia Nijdam/Wikimedia Commons) Chapter Outline 10.1 Global Stratification and Classification 10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty Just as in preCivil War America, these humans are at the mercy of their employers. 10.1. Globalization theory argues that the division between the wealthy and the poor is now organized in the context of a single, integrated global economy rather than between core and peripheral nations. Find out who manufactures apparel and novelty items with your schools insignias.
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