Adapting a dissertation or thesis into a journal article is covered in Section 12.1 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. My text would simply look more structured if there was a bit more space. All rights reserved. November 7, 2020 The results section is where you tell the reader the basic APA has specific guidelines for which titles should be styled using italics, and which should appear without italics. Some tips and best practices for the writing of good APA-style results and discussion sections. It should not be a second results section. In APA format papers, a table of contents is not generally included; the introduction simply starts on a new page after the abstract. Use the present tense when writing the Discussion section. an important topic you will likely refer back to your opening paragraph of I am currently writing a literature review and the teacher mentioned that in the summary/body we should have 3 main topics we want to discuss under the main topic and that we could also use sub-headings. The discussion section is the place to leave your mark. unless you did an experiment you cannot infer causality. APA Format: Everything You Need to Know Here - EasyBib For example, under Methods (level 1) you may have subsections for Sampling Method and Data Analysis (level 2). APA headings and subheadings refers to the rules for formatting sections of documents in the 7th Edition of the American Psychological Association's Publication Manual. Your overall aim is to show the reader exactly what your research has contributed, and why they should care. least three variables) provide a table at the end of the paper of form. super-short summary and is difficult to write. Page break??? Lapsing into causal language when your data were correlational. A description of the experimental design and how participants were assigned conditions. 1 0 obj APA Style (7th Edition): Writing the Discussion (Key Phrases to Use) Anyone who has ever taught writing of APA Style Research Reports, knows that students struggle with writing the Discussion section. Where possible, support Whats the difference between results and discussion? Identification of your independent variable (s) (IV), dependent variable (s) (DV), and control variables. Sounds simple, right? What if a level 4 heading has multiple paragraphs? JARS recommends including several important elements. "Measures" would be a level 2 heading and I would like to explain each measure in a different paragraph. Guidelines for Writing APA Style Discussion Sections APA style manuscripts have a standard format for the flow of ideas expressed in the Discussion section of the manuscript. Professional authors should check the author submission guidelines for the journal to which they want to submit their paper for any journal-specific style requirements. Retrieved June 27, 2023, DON'T: Simply rehash your results. Speculate about future directions that The following two sample papers were published in annotated form in the Publication Manual and are reproduced here as PDFs for your ease of use. Talk about any qualifications standard deviation). In general, start each section on a new page. E.g. No significant relationship was found describe: the problem under investigation (an brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of an article, allowing readers to Provide the possibility of alternative interpretations, as your goal as a researcher is to discover and examine and not to prove or disprove. Instead of trying to fit your results into your hypothesis, critically engage with alternative interpretations to your results. Can you write only one sentence, or is there a minimum requirement of one paragraph, if text is being included? 2023 American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500. It helps to think of your discussion post as a short APA paper without a cover page. ; APA, 2010, pp. How to Write a Results Section | Tips & Examples - Scribbr Table is an Example of a Correlation Matrix among Three Variables for an self-consciousness and college adjustment was r = - .26, p < Include in Results Frequency Distributions & Data Visualization, 07. typing out the r and the p value for each correlation. Use a chosen verb tense consistently throughout the same and adjacent paragraphs of a paper to ensure smooth expression. PDF 7th Edition Discussion Phrases Guide - APA Style Write a paragraph which discusses any inconsistencies in your experiment. Per APA (2020) guidelines, this section requires you to examine, interpret, and qualify the results and draw inferences and conclusions from them (p. 89). Sample papers are covered in Chapter 2 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. paper. Do not include information that Itbrings together all the sections that came before it and allows a reader to see the connectionsbetween each part of the research paper. Thank you for taking the time to put it together. Plan and write an effective APA-style research report. The sections in APA-style paper are as follows: 1. Headings and subheadings provide structure to a document. A strong Discussion section notes area of consensus with . To speed up the process you can use a summarizer to quickly get an overview of all important findings. from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/discussion/, The article and answers are beneficial Shona. The APA manual provides rigorous guidelines for what to report in quantitative research papers in the fields of . This chapter provides the Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) for the Discussion section of every study (experimental manipulation, structural equation model, and clinical trials). Consultation with colleagues can help evaluate the potential of the manuscript for publication as well as the selection of an appropriate journal to which to submit it. Do your results support or challenge existing theories? If you computed two or more correlations (thus involving at the whole results section, report it in the text of the paper as follows: r =.26, p < .01 or r = -.11, n.s. Experimental Reports 2 - Purdue OWL - Purdue University Under consequences i would have sub-topics eg. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL You might still want to mention studies that explored questions related to yours, that collected similar data from different populations, or that looked at different aspects of the same topic; alternatively, you might discuss how well your data fits with theories or models on the topic. Dissertations or theses are typically required of graduate students. How do you find the balance? An effective conclusion section should include the following: University of Southern California (n.d.). An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. But avoid beginning the discussion with a long list of study limitations, says Nolen-Hoeksema. When deciding whether to publish the work in your dissertation or thesis, first consider whether the findings tell a compelling story or answer important questions. In Offering no concluding statements or ending with the limitations. statistics without any explanation. really the right variable perhaps "disgust" would better capture This paragraph should include possible sources of error and instances of inconsistent or inconclusive data. It should focus on explaining and evaluating what you found, showing how it relates to your literature review and paper or dissertation topic, and making an argument in support of your overall conclusion. Would it be allowed to give each paragraph a level 3 heading? Likewise, some of your results may warrant additional experiments or analyses that could help answer the research questions more fully, and you may want to conduct these analyses before seeking publication. affiliation (Hanover College). "I think that too many discussions make the mistake of ending with 'the future,'" he says. APA Headings and Subheadings | With Sample Paper. (2023, June 02). 4 0 obj Level 3 Say goodbye to inaccurate citations! Quantitative professional paper template: Adapted from Fake News, Fast and Slow: Deliberation Reduces Belief in False (but Not True) News Headlines, by B. Bago, D. G. Rand, and G. Pennycook, 2020, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(8), pp. Conclude the discussion section with a short summary that emphasizes the overarching significance of the experiment. Note: Title case simply means that you should capitalize the first word, words with four or more letters, and all . Other word processors should have similar functions. E.g. As shown in Table 1, some of my predictions Per APA (2020) guidelines, this section requires you to "examine, interpret, and qualify the results and draw inferences and conclusions from them" (p. 89). more than 3 or 4 variables in your paper, you might want to put this However, BE SPECIFIC and back up any assertions you make. For example, if you claim that 3rd Important instructions to participants. 16081613 (https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000729). "Too often I am left excited not by what was in the dissertation, but by what was not in the dissertation. So the title of a journal article would usually be in quotation marks, the title of a book in italics. It should not be a second results section. This page contains sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style. Found this website today and it's a lifesaver - thank you! Alternatively, you might also consider whether the they imply about human nature or some aspect of it? The Discussion is your opportunity to evaluate and interpret the results of your work, draw inferences and conclusions from it, and communicate its contributions to people in your field and/or society. 103-104) of your 7th edition APA manual, University of Southern California (n.d.). Level 2 How to Write a Discussion Section. Literature review (or whenever discussing other researchers work), Reporting of your own or other researchers results, Discussion of implications of results or of previous statements, Presentation of conclusions, limitations, future directions, and so forth, Verb tense is covered in Section 4.12 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. If you are Failing to acknowledge limitations or dismissing them out of hand. Also mention any followup questions which arose as a result of your work, and possible further experiments that could or should be conducted. Hi, A discussion section is like the reverse of the introduction, in that you begin with the sentence. Begin the abstract with the These should help students better match their . August 21, 2022 Register now for APA 2023! Eliminate grammar errors and improve your writing with our free AI-powered grammar checker. Yes, in APA Style its fine to have two headings (of different levels) placed adjacently with no intervening text. Many thanx for your article. you to practice since you have a few correlations to work with). Create a correlation matrix like the example From the APA Style blog Last updated: July 2022 Date created: September 2019 It wouldn't be appropriate to use a heading for every paragraph in your paper, but there's no issue with doing so for a specific part of it if it suits your structure. of how to cite and how to make a reference list. Make sure that all references mentioned in the text are also Dont just repeat all the data you have already reportedaim for a clear statement of the overall result that directly answers your main research question. endobj Authors may also find the document "Checklist for Manuscript Submission" on the APA website helpful for preparing manuscripts for APA journals. Thanks. My Introduction goes without any heading (how is it presented in TOC, it isn't?) You can use a percentage if this accurately reflects the number of respondents that mentioned the topic. Organizing your social sciences research paper: 8 the discussion. They discuss the relevance of the findings and relate them to the study topic. Also, you should indicate that a marginal correlation is non-significant the worse their adjustment to college, r = - .26, p < .01. Address possibilities for future research. The APA now provides a handout that helps students by providing key phrases for each subsection. the sections. If they challenge existing theories, why do you think that is? Provide a brief rephrasing of your Specific questions about a paper being written for a course assignment should be directed to the instructor or institution assigning the paper. non-evaluative: Introduction. When writing a title in the text, use italics if you have used italics in the reference list, and use quotation marks if you've used plain text there. < .01; p < .001. Whether expressing your own views or actions or the views or actions of yourself and fellow authors, use the pronouns I and we., Navigating the not-so-hidden treasures of the APA Style website. Along with noting your work's limitations, it's helpful to also suggest follow-up studies. 2838 (https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000278). whichever of the following is most accurate: p < .05; p Keep in mind that there is no universal formula for the discussion your aim is just to explain your findings as thoroughly and convincingly as possible. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/discussion. tendency to make your results the final story about the phenomenon or theory of interest. Integrate the results and try to make sense Authors seeking publication should refer to the journals instructions for authors or manuscript submission guidelines for specific requirements and/or sections to include. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> the introduction here and have partial answers or more specific responses to correlation matrix table, you should, in the text of the result section, refer Writing up your results - American Psychological Association (APA) numbers, just words), a hint about the general direction the How to Write a Discussion Section - helloassignmenthelpau.com Review an article submitted to a journal alongside their advisor (with permission from the journal editor) or serve as a reviewer for a student competition to gain firsthand insight into how authors are evaluated when undergoing peer review. Definition The purpose of the discussion section is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in relation to what was already known about the research problem being investigated and to explain any new understanding or insights that emerged as a result of your research. Do not use overly technical language or include specifics in this section. descriptive information in a table to keep the text from being too choppy and DO: Provide context and explain why people should care. Your results should always be written in the past tense. You can also find some further advice on writing a literature review here. Literature review professional paper template: Adapted from Rethinking Emotions in the Context of Infants Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Interest and Positive Emotions, by S. I. Hammond and J. K. Drummond, 2019, Developmental Psychology, 55(9), pp. It's even possible to have a lower-level heading immediately follow a heading of the level above it without any text in between (e.g., a level 2 heading immediately followed by a level 3 heading). For instance, most APA journals limit the abstract length to 250 words. back to any weaknesses youve mentioned above (or reasons why the results the questions you posed. text of the paper. There's no need to start a new page for a level 1 heading; it can just appear on the same page. Verbs are direct, vigorous communicators. Reporting Research Results in APA Style | Tips & Examples - Scribbr didnt turn out as expected). Future The conclusion is important, as it is specifically designed to highlight your researchs larger importance outside of the specific results of your study. You can read more about these guidelines here. These results build on existing evidence of, The results do not fit with the theory that, The experiment provides a new insight into the relationship between, These results should be taken into account when considering how to, The data contribute a clearer understanding of, If your sample size was small or limited to a specific group of people, explain how. You need to cite your sources in your discussion post both in-text and in a references section. The Discussion is your opportunity to evaluate and interpret the results of your study or paper, draw inferences and conclusions from it, and communicate its contributions to science and/or society. a discussion of related research, and a comparison between your results and initial hypothesis. coherent You can download the Word files to use as templates and edit them as needed for the purposes of your own papers. The discussion should show how your findings fit with existing knowledge, what new insights they contribute, and what consequences they have for theory or practice. His areas of expertise include classical music and nonprofit management, and his work has been featured across a variety of media platforms. Thank you Raimo for this article! Re: Academic Integrity [Discussion post]. The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations, 03. The thesis structure outlined in this category is applicable to empirical research in the (social) sciences. I would love to have 3 main areas to be discuss such as consequences., influencing factor and intervention. Then tell the reader what statistical test you used to test your Acknowledging these is important to demonstrate your credibility. Instead, as you suggest, it's usually split into several main topics (the three main topics you mention, in your case): these are your level 1 headings. Published on Discuss: The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter. Indeed, every discussion should include a "humility" section that addresses the study's limitations, write Cone and Foster. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). I have two additional questions: 1. Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. Most guidelines in the Publication Manual apply to both professional manuscripts and student papers. Heading in the Introduction: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings, See also professional sample paper (student one doesn't have an abstract): https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/student-annotated.pdf. PDF Heading Levels Template: Student Paper, APA Style 7th Edition Discussion sections also require you to detail any new insights, think through areas for future research, highlight the work that still needs to be done to further your topic, and provide a clear conclusion to your research paper. However, the order of pages is flexible in these cases: tables and figures: Embed tables and figures within the text after they are first mentioned (or "called out"), or place each table and then each figure on separate pages after the references. Going overboard on limitations, leading readers to wonder why they should read on. Give them something clear, concise and interesting to read, and they're sure to appreciate it. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. He used more restraint with his dissertation and his committee thought he wasn't positive enough. Suggestions for further research can lead directly from the limitations. Use the present tense when writing the Discussion section. Write a paragraph which discusses any inconsistencies in your experiment. If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the Cite this Scribbr article button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. If it does, we then provide guidance on how to adapt a dissertation or thesis for submission to a journal. These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Theses in literature (and other humanities disciplines) don't follow this structure, as they generally don't involve systematic data collection and there are no separate "results" to report. As per the APA research paper format, the title should be between 10-12 words and should reflect the essence of the paper. in the text of your paper.. (so no one has collected the same data as me for me to compare mine with). section, but regardless of whether you use a table or type the statistics in Report rather than evaluate: do not add to or comment on what is in the body of This format begins with a narrow focus on interpretation of the present research results, broadens in scope to an integration of the current research results . What do your data say? You're tired and the last thing you want to do is keep writing. includes alternative explanations for the results. For example, you might speculate about an unexamined third stigmatized and narcissism and didnt find it consider whether anger is These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different professional paper types. Yes, if you use headings in your paper, it's appropriate to use the heading "Conclusion" for the final section in most cases.
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