local religious conflicts

Disentangling the Relationship Between Religion and Violence in Armed Conflict, Faith in Contention: Explaining the Salience of Religion in Ethnic Conflict, National Identity, Religious Tolerance, and Group Conflict: Insights from a Survey Experiment in Pakistan, The Ontology of Political Violence: Action and Identity in Civil Wars, Escaping the Symbolic Politics Trap: Reconciliation Initiatives and Conflict Resolution in Ethnic Wars, Land Grievances and the Mobilization of Electoral Violence: Evidence from Cte d'Ivoire and Kenya, Framing the Tribal: Ethnic Violence in Northeast India, Stabilization and Local Conflicts: Communal and Civil War in South Sudan, Nigeria's Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-religious Conflict, Islamic Law and Politics in Northern Nigeria, Nigeria Votes: More Openness, More Conflict, Local Politics and the Dynamics of Property in Africa, Introduction: Land Politics in AfricaConstituting Authority Over Territory, Property and Persons, Africa: Journal of International African Institute, Mediating Ethnic Conflict at the Grassroots: The Role of Local Associational Life in Shaping Political Values in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, From Neighbours to Deadly Enemies: Excavating Landscapes of Territoriality and Ethnic Violence in Jos, Nigeria, Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria, State and Ethno-Communal Violence in Nigeria: The Case of Ife-Modakeke, Africa Development/Afrique et Dveloppement, The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Violence in Africa, Disaggregating Identities to Study Ethnic Conflict, Tribe or Nation? Second, conflicts viewed as religious are more likely (compared to those viewed as tribal) to be associated with national causes. Evidence from Turkey, Anatomy of a Civil War: Sociopolitical Impacts of Kurdish Conflict in Turkey, Sharia and Control Over Territory: Conflicts Between Settlers and Indigenes in Nigeria, To Halve and to Hold: Conflicts over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility, Ethnic Groups in Conflict: Theories, Patterns, and Policies, Sacred Violence or Strategic Faith? To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048320000590. Also, communal ethno-tribal or sons of the soil conflicts invoking historical claims to land and belonging are common in a number of countries in Africa and South Asia. After completing initial basic demographic questions aided by the research assistant, a tablet with an interactive survey software was used to collect answers to sensitive questions about conflict.Footnote 3 The survey was conducted with text and audio in both English and Hausa on the device to allow those unable to read to still participate. There is a clear divergence in the causal weight that scholars place on national versus local issues and actors in propelling subnational communal violence. They ceded the balance of their lands to the . Religious Conflicts - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Figure 2 demonstrates that those who believe tribal issues are to blame are much more likely to blame local issues (approximately 90%) compared to national issues. Intra-Religious Conflict. Consequently, the actions of previous national leaders are interpreted as affirming the interests of local ethno-tribal or religious groups (Milligan Reference Milligan2013, 32728). For most of Georgia's colonial period, Creeks outnumbered both European colonists and enslaved Africans and occupied more land than these newcomers. (PDF) Religion, Conflict, and Cooperation - ResearchGate Second, while the particular historical evolutions may vary, both national and local factors are salient to conflict in other countries experiencing communal ethnic conflict. Congo fashion show hopes to inspire peace, creativity in region This is perhaps unsurprising, given the importance of local recognition or indigeneity for the Hausa-Fulani Muslim population described above. Our focus on the mediating effect of local social institutions is an important 1 By religious institutions, we mean both religious organizations and religious norms and values that enable such organizations to function. A Nameless but Active Religion: An Anthropologist's View of Local Those who responded that religious issues were at the heart of the conflict were relatively evenly split between blaming local versus national factors. Further, as Lund and Boone (Reference Lund and Boone2013, 5) explain, jurisdiction of land in African states is embedded in neatly nested systems of jurisdiction, so local actors or customary law may have primary power in the adjudication of land disputes, and breakdowns in local jurisdiction could bear the brunt of the blame for conflict viewed as rooted in ethno-tribal cleavages. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Disputes over the Divine - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology What are two types of religious conflict? Hence, we hypothesize the following: Hypothesis 1 Whether individuals perceive religious or tribal issues as more salient to inter-group ethnic violence will lead to divergent views of whether local or national factors are primarily to blame for the violence. Indeed, Boone (Reference Boone2007) highlights how issues of communal land rights and tenure represent larger constitutional and nationally politicized issues in many African states (see also Lund and Boone Reference Lund and Boone2013). Our innovative products and services for learners, authors and customers are based on Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Religious conflicts around the globe and a solution Thinking Outside the West: Religious Change from the Nation-State to the Global-Market Regime, Why Baby Boomers Turned from Religion: Shaping Belief and Belonging, 19452021, by ABBY DAY, Religion, Spirituality, and Secularity among Millennials: The Generation Shaping American and Canadian Trends, by SARAH WILKINS-LAFLAMME, Passion Plays: How Religion Shaped Sports in North America, by RANDALL BALMER, The Womens Mosque of America: Authority and Community in U.S. Islam, by Tazeen M. Ali, About the Association for the Sociology of Religion, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model, Subscription prices and ordering for this journal, Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. From where did Becker's suburbanites get their metaphors of churches as families, communities, or houses of worship? As the capital of Plateau State in north-central or Middle Belt Nigeria, the city of Jos and surrounding area have been greatly affected by ethnic violence since 2001 (Best Reference Best2008; Ostien Reference Ostien, Chesworth and Kogelmann2009; Higazi Reference Higazi2011; Krause Reference Krause2011; Kwaja Reference Kwaja2011; Human Rights Watch 2011b; Paden Reference Paden2012). Congregations in transition 8. Figure 2 indicates a greater proportion (approximately 55% compared to 65% in the overall sample) blame local issues rather than national issues. Community Policing Solutions for Religion-on-Religion Conflict: Lessons You will be asked to input your password on the next screen. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Fox, J., Sandler, S. (2004). 'Who we are' and 'how we do things here' 2. Isaacs (Reference Isaacs2017) argues that in communities where religious groups are internally fragmented, religious leaders have more incentive to adopt reactionary rhetoric in order to attract adherents, thus intensifying the association of local conflict with religious cleavages. Domestic conflicts, including religious conflicts, are becoming increasingly international issues. Family congregations 5. Religious Controversies on Many Fronts in the U.S. Geographical Location. The first major clash between ethnic groups in Jos surrounded the political appointment of Alhaji Aminu Mato, a Hausa-Fulani, to head the Jos North Management Committee in 1994 (Ostien Reference Ostien, Chesworth and Kogelmann2009, 1112; Osaretin and Akov Reference Osaretin and Akov2013, 353). Religious-political debates around various issues feed the perception that local conflicts that fall along religious fault lines are part of a larger religious and even cosmic struggle (Marshall Reference Marshall2009). There are frequent mass killings , and the violence has triggered an . She provides a fresh look at patterns of congregational life that were previously unseen or considered unimportant." The Thirty Years' War was a European continental war that took place from 1618-1648 (thirty years!). This event intensified political competition for control of Jos North's local government council with violence surrounding political appointments and local elections. To further illuminate the relationship between the type of solution and the level of government looked to for the solution, we conduct analysis similar to that found earlier in the paper (see Table 1) with regard to issues/causes and levels of government. In the 2011 presidential election, violence ensued across northern Nigeria when Goodluck Jonathan, the Christian southern candidate, defeated Muhammadu Buhari, the Northern Muslim candidate (Lewis Reference Lewis2011; Human Rights Watch 2011a). Srie "Les conflits dans l'glise" (5) - Reforme While the conflict is associated with long-standing disputes over the settler (or indigene) status of the Hausa-Fulani population and associated political rights, the violence also takes on a religious dimension, with clashes often sparked by religious offenses or seen as the product of religious competition and threat (Krause Reference Krause2011; Madueke Reference Madueke2018; Vinson Reference Vinson2020). Haley said in a speech at the American Enterprise Institute on Tuesday that Trump was almost singularly focused on the U.S.-China trade relationship but ultimately did too little about the rest of . You do not currently have access to this article. Religious Conflict: Definitions, Problems and Theoretical Approaches Hence, the Jos violence could be read as representative of a larger national debate, tapping into nationally salient narratives of injustice and political grievances. Amid Nigeria's Violence, a Local Peace Process Advances Eighth, international organizations and forums are increasingly used by the parties in conflicts and their allies in order to further their goals. The Pacifying Effects of Local Religious Institutions: An - JSTOR In Jerusalem's Armenian Quarter, a controversial land deal pits a If you requested a response, we will make sure to get back to you shortly. 7) argues, A thorough reframing of a once-localized conflict over indigene rights into a religious crisis of regional and national dimension has taken place. A common refrain among Christians in Jos is that Plateau state is the last bastion preventing the nefarious forces of Islam from spreading to the majority Christian south. Vinson and Rudloff supplementary material. Sixth, conflicts often result in international refugee flows. 2. Figure 4 summarizes the level of implementation results for those indicating religious solutions are the necessary remedy to the conflict. Our assessments, For example, a total of 284 observations were dropped (before conducting the analysis) as a result of an investigation by the researchers into an unreliable research assistant who fabricated at least a few cases. Conflict in eastern Congo has gone on for decades as myriad armed groups fight for control of valuable mineral resources. For example, the Sharia dispute with the adoption of Sharia in criminal law by 12 northern states between 1999 and 2001 suggested an expanding religio-political contest and threat, and it sparked major violence across northern Nigeria (Harnischfeger Reference Harnischfeger2004; Laremont Reference Laremont2011). Conversely, communities might justifiably place the blame at the feet of national governments and actors (particularly in a federal system) that are seen as perpetuating local grievances or failing to prevent the exploitation of one group by another. In general, the weakness of the Nigerian statelacking the capacity or will to provide effective securitycould be blamed for the proliferation of ethnic violence throughout northern Nigeria (Osaretin and Akov Reference Osaretin and Akov2013, 356). The inability of the federal government to work effectively with local actors and to make its findings public (i.e., to actually pursue perpetrators) exacerbates local ethnic tensions (Osaretin and Akov Reference Osaretin and Akov2013, 355; Milligan Reference Milligan2013). We use local mosque density as a proxy for the strength of local religious institutions. Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence, Local Power-Sharing Institutions and Interreligious Violence in Nigeria, Framing and Fighting: The Impact of Conflict Frames on Political Attitudes, Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Conflict, The Ties That Bind: National Identity Salience and Pro-Social Behavior Toward the Ethnic Other, Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, Responses, Deciphering Sons of the Soil Conflicts: A Critical Survey of the Literature, The Law of the Land: Communal Conflict and Legal Authority, Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa, Providing Security or Protecting Interests? Kaufman (Reference Kaufman2006, 202) contends, for example, that peacebuilding efforts in the context of ethnic conflicts are problematic because peacebuilding actors view the endeavor through a rationalist lens of interests and institutions, rather than considering the emotional and symbolic processes that influence how tangible issues are perceived and how they play out politically. Figures 3 and 4 summarize the results of our follow-up tribal and religious solutions questions (detailed in the `Data' section), and illustrate how the importance of blame for different levels of government may extend to peacebuilding and solutions.Footnote 12, Figure 3. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Its population of 238 million spans thousands of islands and hundreds of ethnic and religious groups, the local lives of which have been shaped by regional and global dynamics. To introduce randomization, QGIS (QGIS Development Team 2016) was used to layer grid cells over the Jos area. . Since control of the local government chairmanship entails authority to award indigenous certificateswhich accords advantages in employment, land rights, education, and representation in government and civil service, to name a fewlocal government control is significantly contested (Harnischfeger Reference Harnischfeger2004, 44546; Human Rights Watch 2006; Ostien Reference Ostien, Chesworth and Kogelmann2009, 3; Higazi Reference Higazi2011; Krause Reference Krause2011; Madueke Reference Madueke2018, 92). Congregational models 9. Third, the role of local political actors and leaders also reflects the local dimensions of the violence. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Figure 1. The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar has less to do with religion and more to do with differences in ethnicity, national origin, and post-colonial identity. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Religious Leaders and the CAR Conflict As the official leaders of faith communitieswho are often formally trained, male clerics such as priests, pastors, and imamsthey have strong ties to Central Africans throughout CAR. As Orji (Reference Orji2011, 476) contends, at the heart of the Jos conflict is a ferocious struggle by different groups to control governance structures in Jos, and Plateau State in general., Second, the nature of Nigeria's federal system and resource allocation intensifies local competition. A solid 65 percent told pollsters "religion plays a significant role in most wars and conflicts in the world" (to wit, ultimately our own). Given that violence is mobilized by local actors and uses local narratives of injustice or group cleavages (e.g., Kalyvas Reference Kalyvas2006), communities may be more likely to blame local issues and actors. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (. These ancient te Christian Europe. Although unintended, decentralization policies or adoption of a federal system can also increase local or regional competition for power and incentives for political entrepreneurs to politicize ethnic cleavages (e.g., Horowitz Reference Horowitz1985; Roeder and Rothchild Reference Roeder and Rothchild2005; Brancati Reference Brancati2006; Erk and Anderson Reference Erk, Anderson, Erk and Anderson2010; Bakke Reference Bakke2015). Despite the preceding case for the local rootedness of Jos violence, it is also possible to view the ethnic violence as a product of national political interventions, failures, or perceived favoritism. Third, the growing presence of the international media publicizes these conflicts throughout the world. However, there are reasons why our findings may help us understand other, similar, communal conflicts. Unlike in the analysis of issue causes and levels of government (see Figure 2 earlier in the paper), where a slim majority of individuals indicate that the causes of religious violence are local, a strong majority believe that the national government is most important in solving religious conflicts. For more tips from the Society on what to do when you encounter a bear . Local Religious Conflicts are International Issues | SpringerLink Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania, Fighting for the Right to Exist: Institutions, Identity, and Conflict in Jos, Nigeria, Pentecostal Republic: Religion & the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria, Faith-Based Aid to People Affected by Conflict in Jos, Nigeria: An Analysis of the Role of Christian and Muslim Organizations, Building Peace in Sri Lanka: A Role for Civil Society, Ethno-Religoius Conflict and Peace Building in Nigeria: The Case of Jos, Plateau State, Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jonah Jang and the Jasawa: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria, Postelection Conflict Management in Nigeria: The Challenges of National Unity, Unpacking the Effect of Decentralized Governance on Routine Violence: Lessons from Indonesia, Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa, Nationalism and Ethnic-Based Trust: Evidence From an African Border Region, Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars, A Public Peace Process: Sustained Dialogue to Transform Racial and Ethnic Conflicts, Organizing Insurgency: Networks, Resources, and Rebellion in South Asia, Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies, Socio-economic Determinants of Everyday Violence in Indonesia: An Empirical Investigation of Javanese Districts, 19942003, The Institutional Basis of Intercommunal Order: Evidence from Indonesia's Democratic Transition, God's Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics, Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India, Hindu Nationalism in Power: India's Watershed Vote, Religion, Violence, and Local Power-Sharing in Nigeria, Disaggregating Ethnicity and Conflict Patterns: Evidence from Religious and Tribal Violence in Nigeria, Mobilization for Peace: Analyzing Religious Peace Activism, Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics, Continuity and Change in War and Conflict in Africa, Who Owns the State? Local Religious Institutions and the Impact of Interethnic Inequality

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