undesirable traits in cattle

(See also Supplementary Material Tables A1A7 for a list of papers and results). Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament. Proc. Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by BearBoo22 Dairy cattle Terms in this set (29) Ayrshire Select Sires is working closely with the AJCA and researchers from USDA-AGIL to learn about this new undesirable trait. J. Anim. [The genetic selection aspects of the "Holsteinization" of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine]. Figure 1 illustrates the steps involved in prediction of conventional breeding values. Evol. (2007). Evaluation of beef cattle genotypes and estimation of direct and maternal effects in a tropical environment. J. The variation is sometimes considerable and moderate heritabilities have been found for the major handling temperament traits, making them amenable to selection. Breed characteristics. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1293, Reverter, A., Johnstone, D. J., Ferguson, D. M., Perry, D., Goddard, M. E., Burrow, H. M., et al. There are also simply inherited traits which are traits that are controlled by a single gene and often with one allele being dominant to the other. Most breed associations have adopted DNA tests for parent verification, and a variety of other traits. Another issue is the lack of complete information on genetic and phenotypic correlations of temperament with all the parameters that could be used in selection indexes. This may be because a fearful personality trait affects the animal in many situations that reduce its ability to eat sufficient feed, or that it responds more strongly to fear-inducing events than calmer animals, thereby reducing the energy available for growth (Petherick et al., 2002). J. Anim. J. Line breeding is highly strategized inbreeding. Front. Most often, animals are screened for aggression or excessive fear during handling or milking, with extreme animals being culled, or EBVs for temperament are estimated, but these traits are not commonly included routinely in selection indices, despite there being economic, welfare and human safety drivers for their. Punnett Square for coat color when mating a homozygous red bull to heterozygous black cows. Proc. In Wagyu, its anything over 15 percent. There are a number of traits that can be predicted from a DNA test, such as Sci. Testing for undesirable traits in cattle: an Australian perspective Genet. 139, 213221. As handling temperament and other behavioral traits clearly have economic value and animals that respond poorly to handling, and in other situations, suffer negative emotional and physical experiences, resulting in reduced welfare, it is clearly important to improve temperament. As your cooperative, we will continue to support you and provide you with the most up-to-date information. Increasingly dense genome maps are available for livestock with tens or hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) measured throughout the genome. (1985). (2010). (2009). When mated, all offspring will be heterozygotes (Bb). Temperament traits such as fearfulness or aggressiveness are important to consider as they affect how the animal responds to the husbandry and handling conditions on the farm and during procedures like transport. A number of studies have assessed the relationship between male and female reproductive characteristics and handling temperament traits. Many of these are caused Simm, G. (1998). (2009a). (2014). A review of studies estimating heritability of temperament traits suggest that handling temperament traits have moderately high heritabilities that should allow them to be included in multi-trait selection programmes. Screening for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase, complex vertebral malformation, bovine citrullinaemia, and factor XI deficiency in Holstein cows reared in Turkey. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Working chute behavior of feedlot cattle can be an indication of cattle temperament and beef carcass composition and quality. In animal husbandry settings, the term temperament is largely used. By using genetic test results, pedigree information and guidance from your Select Mating Service (SMS) genetic consultant, you can avoid carrier-to-carrier matings and successfully manage undesirable traits. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Anim. Further, for any gene the man passes to his child, the chance is 1/8 that the woman has the same gene and 12 that she transmits that gene to the child so 1/8 X 12 = 1/16. Besides Genome-wide association study of temperament and tenderness using Bayesian approaches in a Nellore-Angus crossbred population. 43, 1728. (2011). doi: 10.1017/S1751731110001801, Grandin, T. (1993). Sci. Lilico, S. G., Proudfoot, C., Carlson, D. F., Stverakova, D., Neil, C., Blain, C., et al. A QTL study of cattle behavioural traits in embryo transfer families. Extreme responses to handling may decline as repeated exposure allows the animal to habituate to human proximity and the handling process. Fordyce, G., Goddard, M. E., and Seifert, G. W. (1982). Handlingbeef cattle. After a short period, the handler tries to drive the animal to a corner of this pen and hold it there for a predetermined period of time without physical aids. Producer motivational factors are also involved. Eye white percentage as a predictor of temperament in beef cattle. Appl. As it appears important for welfare and economic reasons to improve handling temperament, we need to facilitate the use of these traits in selection indexes. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x, Reinhardt, C. D., Busby, W. D., and Corah, L. R. (2009). countries Sci. This is similar to the freemartin syndrome in cattle. The site is secure. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.005, Curley, K. O. Jr., Paschal, J. C., Welsh, T. H. Jr., and Randel, R. D. (2006a). and transmitted securely. Aust. They are well adapted to harsh snowfall and storms, which are commonplace in Scotland. High-pitched sounds can increase the heart rate for cattle. Additionally, as the response to handling can be modified by repeated handling and habituation to the proximity of humans, the farming system used in any country or region will influence the necessity or motivation of producers to use genetic selection mechanisms to deal with temperament issues. A number of studies have shown moderate to high repeatabilities of scores for individual animals, indicating that they can be classed as temperament traits (e.g., novelty: Kilgour et al., 2006; Gibbons et al., 2009b, 2010; aggression: Gibbons et al., 2009a; MacKay et al., 2013). Genetic correlations for a number of temperament traits with productivity measures have been estimated. Genetics of behaviour in cattle, in The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edn, eds D. Garrick and R. Ruvinsky (Wallingford, UK: CABI). Influence of temperament and transportation on physiological and endocrinological parameters in bulls. The primary focus of selection pressure primarily on output traits such as carcass weight or milk yield will most likely change in future, as new traits such as RFI are likely to be included in selection goals, particularly in beef, but possibly also in dairy cattle, responding to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture or the economic necessity for improved feed use efficiency. This random assortment of genes being passed from generation to generation is what makes cattle breeding so challenging. (1970). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). When cows are classified by the official breed classifiers, classifications and absolute scores are assigned. Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | Google Scholar, Barrozo, D., Buzanskas, M. E., Oliveira, J. Global Ag Media provides a knowledge sharing platform offering premium news, analysis and information resources for the global agriculture industry. Aust. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-5044, Sartori, C., and Mantovani, R. (2010). Other traits that are important for welfare include resource-based aggression, where an animal shows aggression toward another when in competition for a resource such as feed or water, and social motivation or sociability, which is the willingness to be in close proximity to group-mates. Short communication: quantitative trait loci analysis on 17 nonproduction traits in the New Zealand dairy population. Sci. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Breeds of beef cattle Flashcards | Quizlet Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-3961, Rubenstein, M., Phillips, T. J., Bunzow, J. R., Falzone, T. L., Dziewczapolski, G., Zhang, G., et al. It may be that addition of temperament to an existing selection index has little impact on the overall response, but it should be examined. 87, 30303042. Behav. In cattle, the magnitude of response, and the difference between animals are of most importance to humans in situations that involve human interaction, such as where animals are handled, moved or milked. Once the herd sires and cows have been tested, their genetic information will remain on file with the breed association. 71, 467476. The Angus bull is homozygous dominant, which means he has two black alleles (BB). (1988) (0.48 0.18), but in general, low phenotypic correlations have been reported for calving ease as well as other fertility traits, with high standard errors for the estimates reported (Lawstuen et al., 1988; Haile-Mariam et al., 2004; Sewalem et al., 2011). doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-43-17, Gauly, M., Mathiak, H., Hoffmann, K., Kraus, M., and Erhardt, G. (2001). Sci. The pattern of uptake suggests that in regions or countries where a breed is numerous and the breed society or governmental body is well-organized enough to provide support for the recording and evaluation of temperament traits, handling temperament traits may be evaluated. Meat Sci. A number of steps must be taken to enable selection to take place (Figure 1). A database containing information on behavioral QTLs can be found at www.animalgenome.org/cgi-bin/QTLDB/index. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5707, Turner, S. P., Navajas, E. A., Hyslop, J. J., Ross, D. W., Richardson, R. I., Prieto, N., et al. J. Exp. Caution will be required to reduce the risk of dissemination of recessive defects resulting from increased selection pressure within the dairy industry presently dominated by Holstein/Friesians. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.08.005, Sewalem, A., Miglior, F., and Kistemaker, G. J. 131, 1520. 82, 291318. session so others can sign in. Beilharz, R. G., Butcher, D. F., and Freeman, A. E. (1966). Appl. Selective Breeding Genetic and phenotypic relationships of feeding behavior and temperament with performance, feed efficiency, ultrasound and carcass merit of beef cattle. Other temperament traits such as sociability, intra-specific aggression and response to novelty and social separation have been assessed in beef and dairy cattle, and maternal behavior in beef cattle. Res. For females, Phocas et al. The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. Other than the distinction between Bos indicus and Bos taurus, studies in which different breeds have been reared and handled together in a standardized manner are not numerous enough to allow a league table of breed temperament to be created at present. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.05.012, Nkrumah, J. D., Crews, D. H. Jr., Basarab, J. Neither SRUC nor any of the authors received any financial support from a third party in the preparation of this manuscript. J. Exp. For example, this technology will not measure the degree of marbling or the corresponding quality grade, but instead it might determine the presence or absence of genes that control marbling. Take a first-cousin mating. Angus undesirable characteristics 1. This review suggests little work has been done on personality traits other than handling temperament, and yet selection for maternal ability and appropriate levels of aggression and sociability and flexibility may be important in terms of animal health and welfare, and also in terms of farm efficiency. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. (2009) showed that mortality rates were higher in excitable than calm steers. Careers. Furthermore, individuals are often consistent in the way they respond when the challenge is repeated. They were based on a population of Bos indicus Bos taurus cross-breds, in contrast to the other studies which used Bos taurus or Bos indicus breeds, but the differences may also be due to the specific test conditions. Anim. Similarly, it has been hypothesized that an animal with high social motivation will integrate and cope better with group housing than low sociability animals, and that animals showing low aggression will suffer less stress and have less negative impact on other animals (Gibbons et al., 2009a, 2010). Clearly, farm extension and advisory work is needed to inform producers of the negative effects of poor temperament on productivity and profitability. added every year, remove selected records that are not saved in My CABI, sign you out of your The nature, scope and impact of genomic prediction in beef cattle in the United States. 14, 127128. 53, 904907. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2969, Sewalem, A., Miglior, F., and Kisteman, G. J. Inclusion of temperament into a selection index would result in a reduction in selection pressure on other economically important productivity traits, and the implications of this would need to be quantified and considered. 9, 2530. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76630-9. Benhajali, H., Boivin, X., Sapa, J., Pellegrini, P., Lajudie, P., Boulesteix, P., et al. The physiological basis for the effect of temperament on productivity has been investigated in a number of studies. 78, 205220. Analysis of the relationship between workability traits and functional longevity in Canadian dairy breeds. The same is true for the polled gene. Growth rate or daily gain are likely to be more accurate assessments, as they obviously take into account variation in initial bodyweight. (2006) found significant genetic correlations showing that docile heifers had a lower age at puberty and higher fertility than less docile heifers, but other measures of fertility and reproductive function were not associated with temperament. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Drugociu, G., Runceanu, L., Nicorici, R., Hritcu, V., and Pascal, S. (1977). WMS has been designed to avoid matings between any two carriers of any genetic defect and has been successfully performing this function for many years, says Mr Braithwaite. Anim. Testing for undesirable traits in cattle: an Australian perspective Unrestrained tests are those in which the animal is not confined, but the animal's response to being approached, moved or handled is scored. Estimates of heritability for adjusted 205-d weight, adjusted 365-d Diagram showing sequence of process from trait definition to estimation of breeding values or genomic breeding values, and ultimately to GEBVs. 82, 805811. These range from poor performance and structur-al unsoundness to semi-lethal and lethal diseases. (2001) found a significant relationship between the docility test and the chute test in Limousin cattle, with and without a human present in front of the chute. PMC Proc. Soc. Inbreeding is the mating of animals that are closely related to each other. 86, 10381046. Dairy Sci. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Dairy Sci. Hassall, A. C. (1974). doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00097-0, Brown, W. G. Jr. (1974). Understanding the extent of this association has driven a great deal of research that will be discussed below. Click the button below to search for your institution on Shibboleth and OpenAthens. B. Nutr. and Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum isolated from Tibetan pigs improves growth performance, immunity, and microbiota composition in weaned piglets, Effects of different processing techniques of palm kernel cake on processing quality of pellet feed, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota of pigs, Reproductive microbiome and cytokine profiles associated with fertility outcomes of postpartum beef cows, About the American Society of Animal Science, Subscription prices and ordering for this journal, Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. However, with advancements in molecular technologies, carriers can be identified for many traits by conducting a DNA test on a tissue sample. We should also look to the inclusion of temperament traits other than the response to handling. Consistency of flight speed and its correlation to productivity and to personality in Bos taurus beef cattle. Once the procedure is complete, the animal is released from the chute. In dairy cattle breeding, EBVs for milking temperament are available as stand-alone EBVs, or information on bulls is available in sub-index scores for workability that includes milking speed for some countries. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2678, Cafe, L. M., Robinson, D. L., Ferguson, D. M., Geesink, G. H., and Greenwood, P. L. (2011a). Boldt, C. R. (2008). Cattle Line breeding involves mating more-distantly related animals, although there is a conventional wisdom that says line breeding is whatever works and inbreeding is whatever doesnt. (2006), indicating that more docile animals had better maternal behavior, but this relationship was not confirmed by Turner et al. Boissy, A., Fisher, A. D., Bouix, J., Hinch, G. N., and Le Neindre, P. (2005). Accuracy of direct genomic values for functional traits in Brown Swiss cattle. DNA tests also look for rare but serious genetic disorders such as Curly Calf Syndrome (Arthrogryposis Multiplex), Fawn Calf Syndrome (Contractural Arachnodactyly), Dwarfism, Developmental Duplication, Double Muscling, Water Head (Neuropathic Hydrocephalus), Marble Bone (Osteopetrosis), Blue-eyed calves (Oculocutaneous Hypopigmentation), and other disorders that are caused by recessive genes in a breed. J. Exp. Short communication: Distribution of recessive genetic defect carriers in Chinese Holstein. The process of DNA testing is quite simple, as it only requires blood or tissue samples from the calf and their potential parents. The challenge is to find a scale or measure that adequately represents these varied responses. (2011). J. Agric. 45, 123135. doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3304, Core, S., Widowski, T., Mason, G., and Miller, S. (2009). (2009). Waiblinger, S., Menke, C., and Flsch, D. W. (2003). You shouldnt expect much nervousness There is also the perception amongst some European producers that some degree of reactivity in animals is desirable, as it promotes survival and competitiveness. Survey of dairy management practices on one hundred thirteen North Central and Northeastern United States dairies. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1079/PNS2003248, Morris, C. A., Cullen, N. G., Kilgour, R., and Bremner, K. J. 17, 154157. Archiv. Behav. Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement Programs, 9th Edn. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esn060, Haile-Mariam, M., Bowman, P. J., and Goddard, M. E. (2004). First cousins share a set of grandparents. The same thing can happen also happen with low accuracy EPDs. J. Anim. For some traits and breeds, there may be difficulties in collecting behavioral data on sufficiently large populations of animals to estimate genetic parameters. 89, 14521465. Consistency of aggressive feeding behaviour in dairy cows. 115, 2536. Wegenhoft, M. A. Aust. 2011 Nov;94(11):5695-8. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4345. 91, 16861692. This means that as long as the matings are made with care avoiding a carrier sire if there is another carrier animal in the females back pedigree then the defect will be avoided, says Rob Braithwaite from WWS. J. Anim. Genetic research and genomic testing are more prevalent than ever before. identifying genes that may be important in controlling carcass traits. Aust. Occasionally we offer vouchers or set up unique usernames and passwords for our users. Sci. Genetics of flight time and other measures of temperament and their value as selection criteria for improving meat quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of beef cattle. A number of studies have shown a relationship between temperament and meat quality. Aust. 36, 19. It is breeding to close relatives in order to lock in desirable traits. Cattle that have two black alleles are black (homozygous dominant), cattle that have one black and one red allele are also black (heterozygous), and red animals are the result of having two red alleles (homozygous recessive). If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esg090, Hoppe, S., Brandt, H. R., Konig, S., Erhardt, G., and Gauly, M. (2010). Although the correlation between handling temperament and growth and meat quality suggest that including temperament in a selection index would be beneficial from a profit and welfare point of view, it is not currently used. The studies of aggression and dominance with an adequate sample size appear to show that these traits have a low heritability (Table 5). J. In the dairy sector in particular, standardization of recordinginitially for milk-related traits, and latterly for a much wider set of traitshas helped to underpin improvement in these traits (along with the widespread use of artificial insemination, well-designed breeding programmes usually based on progeny testing, and development of statistical techniques to improve the prediction of genetic merit of animals within and across countries). EPDs were based on large databases within single breeds that pooled pedigree and individual performance into a predictor of performance. Jpn. Thus, the potential relationship between temperament and meat quality has important implications for animal welfare and farmer profit if payment based on meat eating quality becomes more widespread. Heritability estimates alone are sufficient to produce simple (univariate) predicted or estimated breeding values (EBVs) which are predictions of the genetic merit of candidates for individual traits of interest. Temperament scores are often combined with other assessments such as milking speed to derive a workability trait. J. Anim. Cattle with marbling genes would be genetically inclined to produce more marbling. Over the last 30 years there has been a great deal of work worldwide to investigate the molecular genetic basis of a wide range of traits of interest in livestock production. Sci. Every producer has experience with selecting beautiful heifers or dynamic bulls for breeding that have below average quality offspring. Low and negative genetic and phenotypic relationships with temperament have been reported suggesting that excitable animals have low scrotal circumference (response to corral/human presence: Barrozo et al., 2012; flight speed: Burrow, 2001; Sant'Anna et al., 2012). Bos taurus breeds of British and continental European origin have been bred for longer, in less extensive conditions, with a higher level of human contact than Bos indicus breeds. This section will investigate the progress with regards to trait definition and measurement. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Sci. doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90094-6, Grignard, L., Boivin, X., Boissy, A., and Le Neindre, P. (2001). The general picture that poor temperament reduces productivity suggests that improvement of temperament will have a positive impact on animal welfare as well as farm profitability. J. Agric. In Japan, especially in Hyogo Prefecture, intensive and extensive line breeding over the course of several hundred years has been used on Wagyu to lock in certain traits. Live pigs produced from genome edited zygotes. Growth rates have also been shown to have unfavorable phenotypic relationships with temperament, indicating that cattle with excitable temperaments grow more slowly (Bos indicus: Voisinet et al., 1997a; Petherick et al., 2002; Cafe et al., 2011b; Sant'Anna et al., 2012; Bos taurus: Voisinet et al., 1997a; Fell et al., 1999; Mller and von Keyserlingk, 2006; Reinhardt et al., 2009; Turner et al., 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.05.004, Kramer, M., Erbe, M., Seefried, F. R., Gredler, G., Bapst, B., Simianer, A., et al. J. Anim. Table 4. Some examples of traits that are simply inherited with complete dominance are red/black coat color, horned/polled and lethal defects. Indian J. Anim. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.11.011, Gibbons, J. M., Lawrence, A. The ratio would be 25%:50%:25%,respectively. Appl. The muzzle is cream-colored, and the feet are amber. Burrow, H. M., Seifert, G. W., and Corbet, N. J. Short term temperament tests in beef cattle relate to long term measures of behavior recorded in the home pen. The main tests are described below. A high carcass ultimate pH is also associated with poor temperament (Petherick et al., 2002; King et al., 2006) as is cooking loss (Kadel et al., 2006). Behav. Figure 1. doi: 10.1017/S0003356100004190, Keywords: temperament, animal welfare, genetic variation, animal personality, genetic correlation, Citation: Haskell MJ, Simm G and Turner SP (2014) Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle. It would appear the inclusion of temperament in selection indices for both beef and dairy would have benefits for productivity and also animal welfare although many of the phenotypic associations between temperament and economic traits require further investigation at the genetic level.

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