human smuggling at the border

Theoretically, this work builds upon the notion of human security by looking at it afresh through the lenses of border studies. Federal authorities in California charged a man on Tuesday with coordinating a smuggling attempt that resulted in the deaths of 13 Mexican and Guatemalan citizens . Global Society 27(3): 267282. 1993. The case of Italy is emblematic in this sense. Nevertheless, migration has always been perceived as a question of control over sovereign territorial domains (Vietti and Scribner 2013), with states retaining their role of gatekeepers of mobility (Song 2015). Human Security Now. Human smuggling can also pose grave dangers. Coluccello, R., and S. Massey. "Tragically, 53 people who had been loaded into a tractor-trailer in Texas and endured hours of unimaginable cruelty lost their lives because of this heartless scheme. Borders are thus not necessarily visible, and the perspective of those at, on, or shaping the border is taken as an alternative view to seeing like a state when studying borders (Parker and Vaughan-Williams 2012; Rumford 2012). As the governmental centre was located outside the city (basically, in the middle of nowhere), the freedom of movement was constrained by the lack of means of transport. Interview with EASO official, Catania, July 2018. In contrast to human trafficking which can take place both domestically and internationally, migrant smuggling is a crime that takes place only across borders. Google Scholar. Human Security and the International Refugee Crisis. The second empirically explores migrants human insecurities and the related bordering processes in the Mediterranean and the EU. New York: Routledge. The spread of xenophobic discourses became not only a vote-seeking tool but also served to legitimize policies of border closure, which resulted into an exacerbation of both bureaucratic barriers and maritime-walls. People moving by boat make up only a part of irregular migration to the European Union (EU).Footnote 1 Yet the dramatic increase in boat-borne migrants to the EU across the Mediterraneanand the tragic fate that awaited many of themindelibly marked the European refugee/migration crisis as a maritime one (UNHCR 2015). Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. It was the deadliest tragedy to claim the lives of migrants smuggled across the border from Mexico. In Identities, Borders, Orders. There are risks in his line of work, from the cartels, from the police. Panebianco, S. 2016. Global Affairs 3(1): 8997. Irregular secondary movements either by smugglers or by migrants on their own pose huge protection challenges in terms of the insecurities endured in transit, including the risk of death. 2017), what concerns us here are the many bordering(s) and maritime-hardening processes stemming from EU anti-smuggling policy and their implications in terms of mobility and human security. Human Development Report. Authorities said on the anniversary of the June 27, 2022, tragedy that the four Mexican nationals had a planning role in the smuggling operation, and were aware that the trailer's air-conditioning unit was malfunctioning and would not blow cool air to migrants trapped inside during the sweltering three-hour ride from the border city of Laredo to San Antonio. While fences and walls are the most obvious material-spatial representation of MS practices to control mobility (Cabot 2014), there are also less visible barriers, which are shaped by both political discourses and practices of migration management and which have created new spaces of confinement -both physical and psycho-social (Jones et al. Even if officially closed in July 2019, the reception centre (CARA) in Mineo, Sicilyon the Southern frontier of the EUis a powerful showcase of these dynamics at the state border. In: P. Cheah and B. Robbins (eds. Texas migrant deaths: Mexico blames poverty and US border crisis Brussels. volume59,pages 465484 (2022)Cite this article. Whose Security? by J. Swenson, London and Minneapolis: Minnesota University, pp. By putting people first, it prompted a shift from the security of the state to the security of the individual (Axworthy 2001). 2017: 1). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45(12): 21672184. The significance of borders in this domain stems from the fact that they shape human mobility, the patterns of which are inherently related to human (in)security. As said by an EASO official assisting Italian caseworkers: Many [asylum-seekers] have no clue of what they are really doing when depositing an asylum claim.Footnote 20 In this sense, they are overwhelmed by the state bureaucratic apparatus and rendered dependent on information they do not fully understand.Footnote 21 Those who manage to ask for asylum linger in a limbo of immobility in insecurity. the populist, xenophobic anti-migrant discourses that have manipulated EU public opinion in terms of fear and contempt of refugees (Benedicto and Brunet 2018). UNHCR, Mediterranean crossings deadlier than ever, 09/2018. 2017. S.J. "The Rio Grande Valley is the busiest area for human smuggling activity in the U.S. right now," said Staton, "from San Diego, California, to Brownsville, Texas, there is activity every day.". Maria Mendoza Mendoza . European Commission. Studies. Whereas the EU Agenda for Migration (European Commission 2015a) emphasizes the duty to protect those in need and to provide a safe haven for those fleeing persecution, it also sets up a hotspot approach where migrants are screened and roughly divided between those clearly in need of protection and all the others (Sciurba and Furri 2017: 768). Between 2014 and May 2020, around 617 people died in the attempt to move onward across EU internal borders. But he found it extremely difficult to trust anyone. Interview with IOM Italy. International Security 28(2): 78111. Migrant smuggling is increasingly associated with serious human rights violations and . They may do so either before identification or after, disappearing prior to knowing the outcome of the asylum procedure.Footnote 25 These secondary onward movements generally happen in an irregular manner, with no documentation and without the consent of national authorities (European Parliament 2017). Moreover, whereas warnings about the end of Schengen remain contested (Votoupalova 2019), the MS fencing practices driven by a not-in-my-backyard logic show how solidarity as a key value underneath EU project is enduring a serious crisis -further embodied by the lack of agreement on a fair relocation scheme. Minneapolis: Minnesota University. DeSantis pitches a Trump border plan without 'excuses' as he shifts to Cambridge: Polity. 07/2015. Lynne Rienner: Boulder. Journal of Global Ethics 12(3): 365379. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Sciurba, A., and F. Furri. See Benedicto and Brunet (2018). Biopolitical Security and Beyond. While the spatial focus of the analysis is the EU and the Mediterranean, Italy is adopted as a useful and indicative observation point of what happens at the state border andfrom thereacross Europe. Migration policies can have unintended and dramatic consequences which make the policy itself ineffective: for instance, the increase in border controls may not only fail to achieve the stated goal of curbing irregular migration, but also lead to a higher number of deaths at the border. Orduna-Torres provided the address in Laredo where they would be picked up, and Gonzalez-Ortega met them there. In this centre I am ok, but I feel my life has been put on hold. Containment Beyond Detention: The Hotspot System and Disrupted Migration Movements Across Europe. June 27, 2023, 9:09 p.m. By broadening the focus from the security of borders to the security of people inside, across and beyond borders, irrespective of citizenship (UNDP 1994; CHS 2003), it provides a prism for exploring the complex intertwining of human mobility, vulnerability and boder(ing)s in their various forms and locations, while exposing their critical role for producing securityand drawing spaces of human insecurity. Similarly, safe channels of mobility inside Schengen and the acknowledgment of asylum-seekers preferences in relocation schemes (Panebianco and Fontana 2018) avoid dangerous secondary movements and asylum-shopping phenomena. New York: Commission on Human Security. Mapping Schengenland: Denaturalizing the Border. Between June 2015 and November 2018, Operation EUNAVFORMED/Sophia apprehended over 151 suspected smugglers and traffickers and seized around 551 assets. As the Dublin Regulation radically restrict migrants opportunities to apply for asylum in their preferred MS, many of those who do make it into the EU do not stop at the frontline country where they first arrive.Footnote 24 Rather, they attempt to move onward to other European countries in search of protection and better reception conditions, family or community connections, or better social and economic opportunities. The borders of Europe. Four more arrested in smuggling incident that killed 53 migrants in Whereas the walls of fear are the most resilient and difficult to combat in times of resurging nationalisms, a renewed and integrated border management based on these policy options provides a way to resolve the apparent mismatch between the what has to be managed of migratory phenomena and the who is to be protected of human security. More broadly, the trap is the result of a specific dysfunctional politics of border(ing)sthe reform of which remains the only way out to escape the trap. The Anti-Policy of European Anti-Smuggling as a Site of Contestation in the Mediterranean Migration Crisis. Second, the reform of the Dublin system, the harmonized implementation of European Commissions Reception Conditions Directive and the rediscovery of Temporary Protection SchemesFootnote 34 provide a way to overcome bureaucratic barriers and the inherent spectrum of insecurities and confinement at the state border. While the absolute number of arrivals and deaths fell sharply between 2017 and 2018, the fatality rate rose markedly from four people dead per 1000 sea-crossings in 2015, to 20 in 2018 (UNHCR 2019). Introduction. The people the smugglers bring from one place to another place - illegally - generally have chosen to make the trip themselves for any number of reasons. Mediterranean Politics 21(1): 311315. The driver and another man were arrested shortly after the migrants were found. British Journal of Criminology 55(1): 118. When the trailer was opened in San Antonio, 48 migrants were already dead. Two Years of EMSC. Europe and the Refugee Situation. at the Croatian-Slovenian border) or the sea from Calais to UK. The deposit of the asylum claim is itself a barrier, due to lack of information and interpreters. A climate and health expert who has studied child deaths in cars said it likely would have taken an hour or less for temperatures to climb to 51 C or hotter inside the trailer. This lock-in effect is favoured also by the EURODAC system, as a virtual border (Benedicto and Brunet 2018) that store fingerprints, identify asylum-seekers at the external borders and monitor peoples secondary movements to prevent asylum-shopping. As an asylum-seeker in Mineo told me: I want to forget Libya. The four new arrests were made Monday in Houston, San Antonio and Marshall, Texas. Timeless Space and State-Centrism: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory. April 27, 2021, 5:09 PM UTC By Julia Ainsley WASHINGTON The Department of Homeland Security is launching a new operation to target transnational criminal organizations that smuggle immigrants. Interventions on Rethinking The Border in Border Studies. Dordrecht: Springer. Seeking Asylum is a wide-ranging investigation into the power of states to change the relationship between geography and law as they negotiate border crossings. Social & Cultural Geography 21(5): 651673. M. Alberts, D. Yacobson, and Y. Lapid, 120. UNHCR. Odutayo, A. Political Geography 59: 110. 2011; Benedicto and Brunet 2018; Follis 2017). Between 2014 and May 2020, over 224 asylum-seekers died in the EU due to fires in the hosting facilities, lack of access to medicines, violence either by police or other migrants andabove allsuicide due to failed asylum claims and fear of repatriation (Table2). Exploring the Critical Potential of the Borderscapes Concept. Pallister-Wilkins, P. 2015. Boulby, M., and K. Christie (eds.). Vision and Transterritory: The Borders of Europe. Tazzioli, M., and G. Garelli. The tightening of migration policies in the name of fear and control reinforces also the sealing of maritime borders, as shown by the many disembarkation crises triggered by the Italian government in 20182019. E. Vallet, 110. 2015. Desperate Journeys. Using examples from Canada, Australia, and the United States, Alison Mountz demonstrates the centrality of space and place in efforts to control the fate of unwanted migrants. The Mediterranean is one of the most dangerous borders of the EU, with a dramatic scale of death exposure and individual vulnerability. Mahoney-Norris. Human smuggling involves a person illegally crossing over an international border. New York: Routledge. In a June 25 police report sent to a federal judge and seen by Reuters, they asked that criminal charges of child trafficking, human smuggling and criminal conspiracy be filed against Moraes . Liotta, D.A. Overall, 9 fences/walls were built up in the EU immediate external borderlands (SpainMorocco Ceuta; SpainMorocco Melilla; GreeceTurkey; BulgariaTurkey; HungarySerbia; MacedoniaGreece; LatviaRussia; LithuaniaRussia; EstoniaRussia); and 4 in the internal shared borders (FranceUK in Calais; HungaryCroatia; AustriaSlovenia; SloveniaCroatia). Security as a Boundary Function. According to a FRONTEX official, smuggling networks are not just in LibyaFootnote 26 and most of those arriving by sea are already in touch with smugglers operating in Europe to continue the journey across EU borders. Pallister-Wilkins, P. 2016. Zetter, R. 2015. This surveillance is facilitated by EUROSUR, as a virtual wall of drones, satellites, and sensors to track migrants and intercept boats in the pre-frontier before they reach Europe (Benedicto and Brunet 2018; Follis 2017). Debrix, F. 1998. International Political Sociology 9(1): 5369. March 31, 2021. International Security 26(2): 87102. South European Society and Politics 25(1): 2974. Suspected driver arrested after dozens killed in Texas smuggling incident, Driver charged with manslaughter in deaths of 8 migrants in Texas. European Parliament. The only way to get out of the human insecurity trap lies in a reform of EU border politics able to acknowledge the complexities of human mobility as well as to reframe the role of borders not only as a source of securitybut also of insecurity. Smuggling - Wikipedia Thats a hell that cannot be recounted with words []. Others drowned in the attempt to cross rivers (e.g. Anderson, M. 1996. EU counter-smuggling appears to have swung between inaction or inadequate action and overwhelming force (Kaldor 2013). They were charged with smuggling resulting in death and conspiracy. It also forces migrants into sea wandering, confining people-on-the-move in a space of vulnerability, where the only available option is a leaky boat (Fargues and Bonfanti 2014). Migration, Refugees and Human Security in the Mediterranean and MENA. In the absence of alternative channels for migration, the management of mobility by smugglers made the journey of people-on-the-move dangerously insecure putting them at significant risk of distress, injury and death en route. 2019. Agnew, J. Overall, containment practices inside and outside EU internal frontiers produce a human insecurity trap across/inside Schengen. Correspondence to 2018. 1). ", Audience Relations, CBC P.O. Song, J. 2018. Beyond the perception of an uncertain fate, the human security of asylum-seekers in reception centres is threatened by risk of physical abuses, inadequate living conditions and threats to personal safety. Paasi, A. In particular, the EUNAVFORMED/Sophias goal to apprehend smugglers and seize their vesselsFootnote 15 resulted into more processes of confinement for vulnerable migrants, with forms of rescue-through-interdiction (Moreno-Lax 2018) and curtailed mobility. In all these cases, migrants are bounced between borders in a permanent situation of insecurity that stems not from the lack of mobility, but from being forcibly kept on the move (Tazzioli and Garelli 2018). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, The human (in)security trap: how European border(ing) practices condemn migrants to vulnerability, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-020-00268-y, https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2018/9/5b8935964/mediterranean-crossings-deadlier-new-unhcr-report-shows.html, https://www.economist.com/britain/2019/01/05/an-uptick-in-migrants-crossing-the-channel-by-boat, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. It also constitutes a prism through which to examine the various European insecurities over mobility, as outlined in the Introduction to this Special Issue. These understandings of inside/outside and security/insecurity were contested by critical border studies, which emancipate the study of borders from traditional territorial models. Of these, 53 were justified on the ground to curb migratory flows andabove allsecondary movements across the EU.Footnote 31 While the actual effectiveness remains contested, fortified internal borders and security controls serve the logics of perception, providing symbolic evidence that political leaders are doing something (Vallet 2016: 3). Chapter The European Agenda on Migration (European Commission 2015a), the EU Action Plan Against Migrants Smuggling (20152020) (European Commission 2015b) and the EUNAVFORMED/Sophia naval operation became the cornerstone of efforts devoted to preventing and dismantling criminal networks as a precondition to save lives and reduce fatalities.

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