how did ho chi minh died

In 1950 Communist Chinese leader Mao Tse-tung formally recognized Vietnam as an independent country. [81][85][86] Criticism also includes that these estimates ignore lives saved by communist modernization[87] and that they engage in comparisons and equations with Nazism,[88] which are described by scholars as Holocaust obfuscation,[89][90] Holocaust trivialization, and anti-communist oversimplifications. Our humanitarian policy toward American pilots is aimed at further illuminating our just cause in order to win over the American people, support our enemy proselyting operations, and win the sympathy of world opinion for our peoples resistance war against the Americans to save the nation. "[119] According to Vladimir Tismneanu, "the Communist project, in such countries as the USSR, China, Cuba, Romania, or Albania, was based precisely on the conviction that certain social groups were irretrievably alien and deservedly murdered. Historian Alexander Dallin argued that the idea to group together different countries such as Afghanistan and Hungary has no adequate explanation. Died. Furthermore, if events did not work out as they were supposed to, then that was because class enemies, foreign spies and saboteurs, or worst of all, internal traitors were wrecking the plan. There is also debate over whether or not all the famines which occurred during the rule of communist states can be considered mass killings. In a war millions may die, but the cause may be well justified, as in the defeat of Hitler and an utterly racist Nazism. His death probably will set back Hanoi's timetable for taking over South Vietnam, setting the stage for a power struggle in the North. He founded the Indo-Chinese Communist Party.". At the Geneva Peace Accords, Vietnam was split into two parts, leading to insurrection and war over the next two decades. The Soviet Union soon followed. H Ch Minh Indochinese Communist Party, Vit Minh, and the struggle for independence French Indochina in World War II Viet Minh OSS Deer Team August Revolution Declaration of independence President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam War in Vietnam (1945-1946) Fontainebleau Agreements Ho-Sainteny agreement Land reform 1954 Geneva Conference Timeline Details | Vietnam War Commemoration Born in 1890, he was the son of a Vietnamese government official who resigned in protest against French domination of his country. With his frail, boney figure and wispy gray beard, Ho Chi Minh looked like Central Casting's version of a kindly Oriental patriarch. What made this secular religion so utterly lethal was its seizure of all the state's instruments of force and coercion and their immediate use to destroy or control all independent sources of power, such as the church, the professions, private businesses, schools, and the family. It had its appeal to faith. Ho had long been drifting toward senility, with vital day-to-day decisions being made by others in his name. Ho Chi-Minh traveled to Paris to persuade the French to honor their promise of more autonomy for its colonies including Vietnam. The Vietnamese nationalists were winning their fight for independence under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, a Communist. He was one of the shrewdest, most callous, dedicated, >and self-abnegating leaders, a man apart in the international Communist >movement. "[140], Daniel Goldhagen argues that 20th century communist regimes "have killed more people than any other regime type. The first word on Ho's illness was disclosed Tuesday at the Vietnam peace talks in Paris when a Communist spokesman said that he was gravely ill and that his condition was worsening. They are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.. Before the official announcement, rumors of Ho's death had spread quickly throughout world capitals. Ho Chi-Minh became the president of North Vietnam and was determined to reunite his country under communist rule. In 1923 Ho was invited to Moscow to attend the Comintern, an organization created by Lenin to promote worldwide revolution. [1]Vernon E. Davis,The Long Road Home: U.S. Prisoner of War Policy and Planning in Southeast Asia(Washington DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2000), 197-209; Stuart Rochester and Frederick Kiley,Honor Bound: The History of American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961-1973(Washington DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1998), 479-496. Hanoi apparently waited nearly 24 hours before announcing the death of Ho, who passed from the scene with his forces locked in a bloody conflict with the United States and South Vietnam. [94][97] Opponents of this hypothesis, including those on the political left and communist party members, state that these killings were aberrations caused by specific authoritarian regimes, and not caused by communism itself, and point to mass deaths that they say were caused by anti-communism and capitalism[94][97] as a counterpoint to those killings. Little Known Black History Fact: Ho Chi Minh's Black Connection Under no circumstances could it be admitted that the vision itself might be unworkable, because that meant capitulation to the forces of reaction. A program should be implemented to allow them to exercise and work in order to help them maintain their health. Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955", "12. He soon struck back at enemies, real or imaginary. Even though we do not view American pilots as prisoners of war and we are not bound by the terms of the 1949 Geneva Convention governing the treatment of prisoners of war, we should apply the points of the Geneva Convention that are consistent with our humanitarian policies. The press conference, which purely by chance occurred on the same day that Vietnams revered President Ho Chi Minh died, caused an immediate firestorm of publicity both in the United States and around the world. First, the massive social dislocations produced by such changes have often led to economic collapse, epidemics, and, most important, widespread famines. The mass killings have been studied by authors and academics and several of them have postulated the potential causes of these killings along with the factors which were associated with them. Courtois states that "in the period after 1918, only communist countries experienced such famines, which led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of people. A Vietnamese Communist Party document that has now been declassified reveals that the Vietnamese Communist Party Politburo itself discussed the issue of the treatment of the American POWs in the fall of 1969. Fall of Saigon, capture of Saigon by North Vietnamese forces, which occurred from March 4 to April 30, 1975. And again in the 1980s, two African countries that claimed to be MarxistLeninist, Ethiopia and Mozambique, were the only such countries to suffer these deadly famines. By 1967 Ho Chi-Minhs health was in decline. [112] Rummel states that "communism was like a fanatical religion. "[136] Russian and world history scholar John M. Thompson places personal responsibility directly on Joseph Stalin. He ranks among the most famous and influential politicians of the 20th century. North Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh dies, Published September 4, 1969. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata. Ho Chi Minh - U-S-History.com Americans were envisioning South East Asia as a row of dominos, precariously positioned to fall one at a time to communism. [55] Among them, Soviet specialists Michael Ellman and J. Arch Getty have criticized the estimates for relying on migr sources, hearsay, and rumor as evidence,[56] and cautioned that historians should instead utilize archive material. Instead the extermination consisted of four steps: 1) extermination of the Ukrainian national elite 2) liquidation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 3) extermination of a significant part of the Ukrainian peasantry as "custodians of traditions, folklore and music, national language and literature 4) populating the territory with other nationalities with intent of mixing Ukrainians with them, which would eventually lead to the dissolvance of the Ukrainian nation. )", "Stalin Exceeded Hitler in Monstrous Evil; Mao Beat Out Stalin", "Ideology, Memory and Religion in Post-Communist East Central Europe: A comparative study Focused on Post-Holocaust", "Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria", Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, "Verdict due for Ethiopia's ex-dictator Mengistu", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Nguyn Th Nm and the Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953", "Postcommunist Romania's Leading Public Intellectuals and the Holocaust", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Fall of Saigon Coordinates: 104641N 1064146E Part of a series on the History of Ho Chi Minh City Before 1955 Vietnam War After 1975 Metro Names Organised crime Vietnam portal v t e Changing the day will navigate the page to that given day in history. With his death, Ho's dream still remained far from fulfilled. [132] Professor Nam Kyu Kim writes that exclusionary ideologies are critical to explaining mass killing, but the organizational capabilities and individual characteristics of revolutionary leaders, including their attitudes towards risk and violence, are also important. Midnight passed; and the priest did not appear. [37][142] Rosefielde states that it is possible to conclude that the "Red Holocaust" killed more non-combatants than "Ha Shoah" and "Japan's Asian holocaust" combined, and it "was at least as heinous, given the singularity of Hitler's genocide." The Cold War International History Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War. Mass killings under communist regimes - Wikipedia But the post-war world order was not in his favor and he allied the hopes of his country with the Soviet Union and Communist China. His political struggles with the West were nearly over. He was inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution and joined the Communist Party traveling to the Soviet Union and China to spread the socialist doctrine into South East Asia. Together, they worked to address a famine that had killed millions of Vietnamese in 1943-44. Bush and his squadron attacked, Chinese miners are massacred in Wyoming Territory, Union general George B. McClellan is restored to full command. Like other instigators of mass murder throughout history, [he] compensated for his lack of physical stature with a pathological cruelty and the use of brute terror. Several different terms are used to describe the intentional killing of large numbers of noncombatants. Ho's passing creates a gap too big for any single North Vietnamese leader to fill. At birth, he was given the name Nguyn Sinh Cung. Dong apparently has tried straddling the two extremes. Hos use of Jeffersons prophetic words was inspired but also calculative. There is no indication that the Viet Minh were a significant force in opposition to the Japanese or in assistance to the Allies, except in their own propaganda. [148][149] Wheatcroft says that the Soviet government's policies during the famine were criminal acts of fraud and manslaughter, though not outright murder or genocide. [151] According to history professor Ronald Grigor Suny, most scholars view the famine in Ukraine not as a genocide but rather as the result of badly conceived and miscalculated Soviet economic policies. He was brought into the struggle for independence almost from birth. Translated for CWIHP by Merle L. Pribbenow. [54], Any attempt to estimate a total number of killings under communist regimes depends greatly on definitions. Direct information about Ho Chi Minh can be hard to come by, but part of why he remains such an elusive character is that he had several different names. He was expelled for protesting against the puppet emperor Bao Dai and the French officials who controlled him. Ho referred to as "Uncle Ho" by his people, epitomized the Communist - supported struggle for control of a socialist Vietnam. [144], According to historian Christian Gerlach, communist mass killings were generally exceeded by atrocities which were committed by those who opposed them; he cites the crushing of the Paris Commune, the terrors of the Spanish Civil War, and the Indonesian mass killings of 196566 as examples, stating that "when both sides engaged in terror, the 'red' terror usually paled in comparison with the 'white'. Ho Chi Minh | Biography, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica [111], According to Rummel, the killings committed by communist regimes can best be explained as the result of the marriage between absolute power and the absolutist ideology of Marxism. [153], In contrast, according to Simon Payaslian, a scholarly consensus classifies the Holodomor in the former Soviet Ukraine as a genocide. In North Vietnam he was widely viewed as the father of the nation and often referred to as Uncle Ho. On September 2, 1969, Ho Chi-Minh died of heart failure at his home in Hanoi. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! [55] During the Cold War era, some authors (Todd Culberston), dissidents (Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn), and anti-communists in general have attempted to make both country-specific and global estimates. The United States also officially raised this subject in the recently-initiated Vietnam Peace Conference in Paris. Ho Chi Minh welcoming Loseby, his wife and daughter to Hanoi in 1960. Still, he was the embodiment of the revolution and remained a communist icon after his death in 1969. Other terms have been used to describe these events, including classicide, democide, red holocaust, and politicide. While the document does not explain the reasons behind this resolution, the fact that the Politburo, North Vietnams supreme governing body, had felt it necessary to issue such a document indicates the level of seriousness and concern that the North Vietnamese leadership attached to this problem. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Kevin McCarthy, Hunter Biden and Other Presidential Problem Kids, These Are the Major 2024 Presidential Candidates, Controversial Judge Aileen Cannon Not Out Just Yet, Russia Wants to Arrest Senator Lindsey Graham, Inside Jimmy and Rosalynn Carters 76-Year Love, 10 Wild Things George Santos Has Said and Done, Sen. John Fetterman Wants to Talk About Depression. Goldhagen says that instances of this occurred in the Mau Mau rebellion, the Great Leap Forward, the Nigerian Civil War, the Eritrean War of Independence, and the War in Darfur. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Then, when the Japanese invaded French Indo-China as a prelude to their planned conquest of East Asia, Ho slipped in behind them to start a nationalist movement for independence. Some of these events have been classified as genocides or crimes against humanity. Francisco Lindor, Brandon Nimmo hit homers in win hours after GM Billy Eppler addresses Mets woes, Liberty take first place in Commissioners Cup standings after defeating the Sun, 89-81, Mets Notebook: Owner Steve Cohen to speak with media Wednesday amid teams poor start, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. Ho Chi-Minh attended the National Academy in Hue, a city on the coast of central Vietnam. Patterned after Chinese land reform programs, the plan proved to be a failure within two years and so unpopular among the Vietnamese peasants that they revolted. He trained, supplied and directed the Viet Cong guerrillas who shortly began the type of terror war that Ho had perfected against the French. Starting at an early age at the dawn of the 20th century, Ho became a strident voice for an independent Vietnam. He soon founded the revolutionary movement he called the Vietnam Independence League the Vietminh. Insecure, despite having established a dictatorship over the party and country, hostile and defensive when confronted with criticism of the excesses of collectivization and the sacrifices required by high-tempo industrialization, and deeply suspicious that past, present, and even yet unknown future opponents were plotting against him, Stalin began to act as a person beleaguered. The infamous Route 559 that ran along the western border of Vietnam and Laos was nicked named the Ho Chi Minh Trail. By this time, Ho Chi Minh had turned over much of the war effort to his political and military advisors Le Zuan and Vo Nguyen Giap. [124] To his colleagues in the Bolshevik government, Lenin was quoted as saying: "If we are not ready to shoot a saboteur and White Guardist, what sort of revolution is that?". Each socialist regime has collapsed into dictatorship and begun killing people on a huge scale. He. From the very beginning of the war, North Vietnams stated position was that American prisoners captured in North Vietnam were war criminals who had committed crimes against the North Vietnamese people in the course of an illegal war of aggression and that therefore the American prisoners were not entitled to the privileges and rights granted to prisoners of war (POW) under the terms of the Geneva Convention. Valentino quotes Vladimir Brovkin as saying that "a vote for the Bolsheviks in 1917 was not a vote for Red Terror or even a vote for a dictatorship of the proletariat. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. [157][162], Benjamin Valentino writes: "Although not all the deaths due to famine in these cases were intentional, communist leaders directed the worst effects of famine against their suspected enemies and used hunger as a weapon to force millions of people to conform to the directives of the state. Nearly five thousand Vietnamese farmworkers were killed by Hos government in its determination to make the plan work. "[112], Benjamin Valentino writes that "apparently high levels of political support for murderous regimes and leaders should not automatically be equated with support for mass killing itself. There, in May 1941, he organized the Viet Minh, a nationalist and communist organization created to mobilize the people. 1. Kim Lin, Ngh An Province, French Indochina. For both communist and non-communist mass killings, "genocides occurred at moments of extreme social crisis, often generated by the very policies of the regimes",[130] and are not inevitable but are political decisions. ", "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80", "Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries", "Holodomor of 19321933 as genocide: the gaps in the proof", "Review Article: Communism and Terror. Individuals are capable of supporting violent regimes or leaders while remaining indifferent or even opposed to specific policies that these regimes and carried out." For that reason, we must fully implement the following points: 3. He would eventually resign from his position to protest French control. In addition to strengthening the forces assigned to handle the American pilots, we need to ensure that the cadres and enlisted men directly responsible for this task fully understand the political significance of our policy toward the pilots in order to increase their spirit of responsibility so that they will strive to overcome difficulties and will fully implement the policy provisions outlined in this resolution. Ho Chi-Minh was the founder and first leader of Vietnam's nationalist movement. [143] Vincent Bevins argues that the anti-communist mass killings that were perpetrated during the Cold War have been far more impactful on shaping the contemporary world than communist mass killings have been. Jan 30, 1968 CE: Tet Offensive - National Geographic Society He was educated in Hue and as a young man worked as a cook on a French steamship, travelling to the United States, Africa, and then Europe, where he took work in London and Paris. "[53] Christopher J. Finlay posits that Marxism legitimates violence without any clear limiting principle because it rejects moral and ethical norms as constructs of the dominant class, and states that "it would be conceivable for revolutionaries to commit atrocious crimes in bringing about a socialist system, with the belief that their crimes will be retroactively absolved by the new system of ethics put in place by the proletariat. [163] Martin Shaw posits that if a leader knew the ultimate result of their policies would be mass death by famine, and they continue to enact them anyway, these deaths can be understood as intentional. But Roosevelt was now dead. "[94], Criticism of Rummel's estimates have focused on two aspects, namely his choice of data sources and his statistical approach. Mass killings under communist regimes occurred through a variety of means during the 20th century, including executions, famine, deaths through forced labour, deportation, starvation, and imprisonment. Ho Chi Minh during and after WWII - Vietnam Veterans for Factual Ho Chi Minh - Vietnamese Nationalism, Viet Minh, First Indochina War When another international conference at Geneva in 1962 agreed on a neutral Laos, Ho treated the agreement with the same contempt he had demonstrated for the 1954 pact. "[110] Jean-Franois Revel writes that Joseph Stalin recommended study of the 1849 Engels article in his 1924 book On Lenin and Leninism. He proclaimed Indo-China independent and, when the French returned, bled them into apathy with hit-run raids and terror tactics. In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson escalated the U.S. war effort with a bombing campaign in North Vietnam and increased troop deployment in the south. [119], Professor Matthew Krain states that many scholars have pointed to revolutions and civil wars as providing the opportunity for radical leaders and ideologies to gain power and the preconditions for mass killing by the state. [131] Michael Mann posits that a lack of institutionalized authority structures meant that a chaotic mix of both centralized control and party factionalism were factors which contributed to the killings. Ho Chi Minh also served as the prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Lemkin stated that, because Ukrainians were very vulnerable to the racial murder of its chosen parts and way too populous, the government could not follow the pattern of the Holocaust. It lasted from 1954 to 1975. It was the last major event of the Vietnam War. Inspection of gifts should be focused primarily on preventing the receipt of weapons, explosives, anesthetics, and poisons. Monuments to the victims of communism exist in almost all the capitals of Eastern Europe and one in Washington, D.C. A memorial is being constructed in Ottawa, Canada however progress has stalled, with no construction progress made in 2022. This page was last edited on 23 June 2023, at 04:53. When France was defeated by Germany in 1940, Ho and his lieutenants, Vo Nguyen Giap and Pham Van Dong, plotted to use this turn of events to advance their own cause. "The body of president Ho Chi Minh has been kept in very good shape," said Major General Cao Dinh Kiem, a senior member of the team in charge of guarding the mausoleum, which opened in 1975. It had its priests and their ritualistic prose with all the answers. As for the issue of religious services, arrangements should be made for them to attend church services regularly. But the twinkling eyes and mild manner belied his desire to rule over both Vietnams.

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