PDF Conflict in the Horn: Prevention and Resolution. Report of Ethiopia (PDF) Ethnic Federalism and Conflict in Ethiopia: What Lessons Can . The study will help to present this evidence to policy-makers as an input to their strategic decision-making. Ethnic conflict - Weak States, Ethnic Geography, and Exclusionary This material convergence is a major transformation of recent years that has not been sufficiently taken into account. What I want to emphasize is that leaders has to be kin to practice adaptive leadership. While the region has witnessed some form of stability since the attack on oil and gas exploration teams that killed 72 Ethiopian and Chinese engineers and works, new developments in the Somali region have culminated in the arrest of the former president Abdi Mohamed Omar, accused of human rights. He is a Writer, Speaker, Life Coach, E-mail: luboteferi@gmail.com. Until we define the Nigerian dream, ethnic crisis may continue to dog the country. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Historical Linguistics and Genealogical Language Classification in Africa1 Tom Gldemann, Biology and Management of Indigenous Bamboo Species of Ethiopia, The Status of Gumuz As a Language Isolate 1.0 Introduction Gumuz, The Genetic Landscape of Ethiopia: Diversity, Intermixing and the Association with Culture - Supplementary Material, Arabic Bilinguals in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Sampling and Genealogical Coverage in WALS, Was There a Now-Vanished Branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Ethiopia's Tigray war: The short, medium and long story Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 0000001989 00000 n 0000004018 00000 n You can define Favoritism as preferential treatment. The major causes of recurrent conflicts in Ethiopia are historical narrations, power struggles, land ownership, tribal difference, political interest, and weak institutions. 0000001056 00000 n PDF Underlying Causes of Conflict in Ethiopia: Historical, Political, and Ethiopia: East Africa's Emerging Giant Ethiopia's prime minister promised an aggressive reform agenda, but renewed turmoil threatens to throw the country's democratic transition off course. In Kenya, this creates resentment towards the state on a group level, while it reinforces narratives claiming that the state is waging war against Islam. This is a source of conflict in the nation, as some people in authority fail to follow rules strictly when it relates to their relatives and friends. During this period it gained enormous control over the countrys economy and land as well as over billions of dollars in aid received each year. 0000007173 00000 n Causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria are many but we will focus on primary ones that government should deal with to stop the menace at once. Ethiopias prime minister promised an aggressive reform agenda, but renewed turmoil threatens to throw the countrys democratic transition off course. In 1981, International Boundary dispute erupted when Cameroonian Gendarmes gunned down some Nigerian Soldiers patrolling the Bakassi peninsula. r~_i QfB^ ;JaD jp&@+TXCy)1h\_o The finding showed that the conflict dynamics in Ethiopia are complicated and it is increasing from time to time. startxref Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Your email address will not be published. ethnic conflict in ethiopia pdf Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions. The old conflicts became more entrenched and new conflicts by Lindsay Maizland Violent conflicts are likely if changes in the economic situation of a state (e.g . June 21, 2023 Under the cover of ethnic federalism, the " divide and rule strategy " of the TPLF/EPRDF regime, weaken interregional and interethnic cooperation, and exacerbate conflict. Conflict studies are a burgeoning new field of academic research, reflecting the persistence of communal disputes and violent confrontations in the postmodern world. % History, Identity and Minority Citizenship : The Case of the Mao and Komo of Western Ethiopia, Traditional Instruments of Conflict Resolution and Mediation among the People of Gambella, Ethiopia, Title: Economic and agricultural transformation through large-scale farming : impacts of large-scale farming on local economic development, household food security and the environment in Ethiopia, Nuer Civil Wars, in Gnther Schlee & Elizabeth E. Watson (eds), Changing Identification and Alliances in North-east Africa, vol. <>stream by Inu Manak More peaceful regions of the Horn such as Djibouti and Somaliland could attract terrorists seeking prisoners of war or forced recruits. endobj Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 1564 Words 7 Pages Open Document Ethnic conflict remains one of the significant security challenges of today. In 2021, Ethiopia reported 5.1 million internally displaced people in twelve months, the most people internally displaced in any country in any single year. Though you cannot liken herdsmen attack to disputes over ownership of land, we should condemn both. Failure by government security forces to stop brazen attacks of one ethnic group over others is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode. Keywords: Ethnic Federal System, Identity . It argues that the presence of radicalization in Kenya and the near absence of the same in Ethiopia can, at least to some degree, be explained by the differences in the relationship between the state and its Muslim minority relative other religious groups. Data from IOM in 2018 indicate that around 61,907 internally displaced households due to Somali-Oromia conflict live in government collective centers majority in Qoloji (Babile), Moyale and Dire-Dawa. Islamic radicalization and terror has thus become a home- grown problem. Since 1991, there were repeated inter-ethnic conflict between this giant ethnic groups of Amhara and Oromo especially in East Wollega, Oromia. It is wonderful summary of analysis on causes and effects of ethnics conflict. In speeches Mr. Abiy resorted to inflammatory language . As for Ethiopia itself, all-out civil war could be catastrophic, igniting tensions in a country that consists of more than 80 ethnic groups, and potentially leading to the breakup of the country into unviable political entities and enclaves. He has written extensively on federalism, conflict management, political economy, and migration in the Ethiopian context, and is currently involved in several international research projects on Ethiopian politics. PDF May 2020 ETHIOPIA CONFLICT INSIGHT - Africa Portal DIRECT DOWNLOAD! Meanwhile, there are some actions that the main protagonists can take to bring down tensions. Abstract The paper explores multi-dimensional causes of ethnic conflict, and its effect on development in Ethiopia specifically focusing on the case of Amhara and Gumuz communities. The Conflict In Ethiopia - WorldAtlas Fighting has been going on since November 2020, destabilising the . Other ethnic groups with sizeable populations are the Somalis, Tigray, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, Afar, Hadiya, and Gamo. We should all condemn this extreme stance but the cause is partly due to marginalization of some ethnic groups in the country and wish for more development from the center. by Zongyuan Zoe Liu This article intended to assess conflict dynamics in Somali region based on secondary data, personal interviews and group discussions that was held in Gode, Kebridahar, Jigjiga and Dendema towns. Killings by a group suspected to be Fulani herdsmen in various parts of the country without government sanctions, had given these criminals confidence to go on carrying out these heinous crimes. Moreover, both regions have ethnic and religious minorities holding grievances against three major ethnic groups they see as oppressors. The swirls of economic bubbles are impacting the different regions of the country. Over the last (Pdf) Inter-ethnic Violent Conflict in The Case of Oromia and Somali by At least 1,000 troops were kidnapped and an undefined number were killed by TPLF insurgents. The administration is federal only in a structural sense, top-down policy directions control lower level activities and challenge regional autonomy. Corruption and unqualified leaders cause ethnic conflict in Nigeria. The colonialist did it for administrative convenience though they were incompatible neighbors. In a letter to the United Nations, Eritrean foreign minister Osman Saleh blamed the Biden administration for stoking further conflict and destabilization in Tigray in a bid to resuscitate the remnants of the TPLF regime.. Ethiopia is subdivided into nine regions. Please disable Ad-Blocker, 13 Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria and Solutions. Ethiopia is the country, which is consisting of multi-nations state in the horn of Africa. 0000005921 00000 n Due to the over 200 ethnic groups that formed Nigeria, there is division of the nation along tribal lines. Lisbon: CEA-IUL, 2013. Africa in Transition, Expect Changes in Russia as Response to Wagner Rebellion, In Brief State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. %PDF-1.7 % State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration, Alexandra Magnolia Dias, Aleksi Ylnen, Manuel Joao Ramos, Patrick Ferras, Elsa Aim Gonzalez, Ana Casco, Sara Maher, Freddie Carver, Dr Bichok W Kot, Jedeit J. Riek, Discussing Conflict in Ethiopia, Conflict Management , International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in , Draft paper presented at the African Studies Association 56th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, November 2013, Dereje The cultural construction of state borders, Layer upon Layer: Understanding the Gambella Conflict Formation, The case study of Anuak-Nuer Conflict in Gambella Region of Ethiopia Prepared By, Regional Conflicts and International Engagement on the Horn of Africa, Ethnic Conflict, Interaction and Cohabitation in Africa: The Case of Nuer and Anuak ETHNIC CONFLICT, INTERACTION AND COHABITATION IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF NUER AND ANUAK, Ethiopians in the Twenty-First Century: The Structure and Transformation of the Population, Impact of Refugees on Hosting Communities in Ethiopia: A SOCIAL ANALYSIS, The Nuer Pastoralists : Between Large Scale Agriculture and Villagization 19 Apr 2021 Ethiopia has declared a state of emergency in the southern part of the Amhara region in a bid to stem deadly ethnic violence. Habtamu, Feleke, Inter-Ethnic Conflict and Eviction in Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia (August 26, 2020). the CONFAB to discuss issues that cause ethnic wrangling and disunity, and came out with far-reaching resolutions for restructuring the Federal system of government. Read more Terms of Use. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 25 0 R 26 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Ethiopia has shown encouraging economic development in the past years. <> A civil war could also worsen instability in Sudan, which itself is currently embroiled in a standoff between pro-democracy activists and the military. Resource control is a hot issue which has refused to go away due to environmental degradation of the area and lack of real development in the Niger Delta which makes over 90% of federal revenue for running the economy of the nation. Blogger with a passion for personal development. From 1966, when Isaac Adaka Boro formed a militia group to fight for resource control till date, this issue has been a contentious one in the country. 0000008403 00000 n This suggestion, led to the starting of Sharia criminal legal system by 12 predominantly Moslem states in the North in year 2000 to 2002, which caused national controversies and led to an outcry by Christians. Based on this, to say that Favoritism produces a corrupt and an inept leader is true. The aim of the, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Critics argue that any disintegration of Ethiopia would strengthen Egypts position in negotiations over the dam. Reporting Internal Conflict in Ethiopian Newspapers, WHAT ROLE SHOULD CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS PLAY TO ADDRESS ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN ETHIOPIA, State Building and Resilience Strategies against the contemporary public crises of Ethiopia: (A Critical Analysis, Ethiopian journalism from self-censoring to silence: a case of reporting on internal conflict, ETHIOPIAS MILITARY INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA DURING 2006-2008: ITS IMPACT ON THE DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RELATIONS OF ETHIOPIA, The political economy of extractives in the borderlands Contents, J Abbink, The Ethiopian 2nd republic and the fragile 'social contract' (Africa Spectrum, 2009), Ethnic-based federalism and ethnicity - after 20 years ( JEAS 2011), Challenges to Peace and Democracy in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Sudan, EthiopiaAnti- Terrorism Legislation and Its Impact on Basic human rights, The geopolitics and human security of the Afar in the Post Cold War Era, Ethnicity and nationality among Ethiopians in Canada's census data: a consideration of overlapping and divergent identities, Somalia as a Market for Private Military and Security Companies: Definitions, Agents and Services. This affects the way civilians treat themselves with a lot of suspicion and hatred as if they are in a war zone. The issue of land and access to land is currently playing a major role in. What are the realsolutions to the inter ethnic crises and violence in Nigeria? This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in. Even though the two major ethnic groups, the . Aiming at moving away from the strongly polarized accounts of the war, the panelists will address the reasons why the armed conflict erupted. 0000013677 00000 n The solutions to avert future occurrence includes the development of all parts of the country, and practice of justice and equity in the land. The 1999 constitution is widely seen as a military constitution and this document is one of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. In this regard, scholars have observed that the constitutional text does not make any reference to common religion as an identifying feature, probably because the vast majority of Ethiopians. Amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates made up of many ethnic groups with different languages and cultures, was an error which Nigeria suffers till date. The following discussion may help shape the debate. 601 0 obj In those regions, the rights of the minority are not protected; and access to resources and the right of political representation of out-group members, as per the principles of ethno-linguistic self-administration, are often denied. hb```b``Y' ,-,Y0h``,*UEEU2+[!Jonq\UM5sB>rXjGe-_?9bkQRNmzqeI3?WFU*-kSUuXB6L{\_Fc7#^z2oIP?kUyO'$hfMkJf=Y)\v%+y9GE4Zs{'qKx^l?;lnpMU>rqz43::A PaDpIX.n0UliP8HDEIhh( I cl2E@q'>322,eXq7B:flELLgx):0`ObXo01Y+/c,C&yJEX:ZdZ'IYfyS^` ahhaL Ca. Although almost exclusively inhabited by ethnic Somalis, inter-ethnic strife has repeatedly occurred in SRS since its creation in the early 1990s. expanded in 2021, Ethiopia's security forces detained thousands of ethnic Tigrayans, citing security needs. 601 38 Ethiopians suspect that U.S. foreign policy is being influenced in part by Washingtons support for Egyptian president Abdul Fattah al-Sisi in a dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, an enormous hydroelectric power project on the Blue Nile that Ethiopia says it needs for a reliable electrical grid and economic development. Join the list today.]. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. When people's quest for equality in such situations is not treated peacefully, it will create grievances and later grows to chaos and conflicts. Within the past fifty years some radical groups such as Maitatsine, Darul Islam, and the Shiite movements have risen and caused riots leading to destruction of lives and property. Read Also:The Causes and Effects of Kidnapping in Nigeria. [PDF] Underlying Causes of Conflict in Ethiopia: Historical, Political by Thomas Graham The transition of power has not resulted in long-term peace, stability, or solidarity in the country. The Primary Causes Of Ethnic Conflict In Ethiopia | Bartleby document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Naira still remains in a free fall. Keywords: Ethnicity, Ethnic-Group, Inter-Ethnic Conflict, Eviction, Amhara, Oromo, East Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia, Suggested Citation: Accepted 12 March, 2012 Recent conflict in the East African country's northern Tigray region threatens to drag in neighbouring powers. Since the new prime minister came to power, violent ethnic conflicts and mass killings. Civilians have assimilated military behavior and use it in simple disputes between neighbors and this sometimes lead to ethnic conflict. The Government for instance , is advocating rural sedentarization of pastoralists as one long-term option, while many question the government's legitimacy to intervene in changing people's lifestyle. 0000010312 00000 n The move comes after three days of violence in the town. Loyalty to ethnic groups impedes true nationalism and unity of the country. President Goodluck Jonathans government organized a constitutional conference in 2014 i.e. The fighting has been particularly intense. Yet Egypt, which sees the dam as a threat to its freshwater supplies, has said the dam reservoir should not be filled without a legal agreement about allocation of the Blue Niles water. What to Know About the Conflict in Ethiopia, Working Together Toward Accountability: How the ICC and a Special Tribunal on Aggression Can Work Together on Ukraine. June 23, 2023, Religion and Foreign Policy Webinar: Religion and Technology, Virtual Event Conservative estimates point at hundreds killed, but the actual numbers are likely to be much higher. The Legacy of Power Sharing in Kenya: Literature Challenges and Research Agenda's Invisibilities, From Isolation to Integration: The Borderlands of the Horn of Africa. Cookie Settings. (DOC) Ethnic Conflicts in Gambella Region, Ethiopia: The Causes and 0000022391 00000 n This could have gone into full-scale war but for Nigerias maturity, magnanimity and playing the big brother role by not retaliating. 0000022565 00000 n Muslims in in Kenya appear to be more deprived in relation to others, than Muslims in Ethiopia in terms of economic and political factors. These officials prefer relatives and friends even when they are not qualified for government appointments, positions or carrying out contracts. A good example is the case of Gambella, which is one of the ethnically-heterogeneous regional states without a dominant ethno-cultural community. In the general context, the Somali region conflict dynamics can be affected in the future by Oil and minerals extraction potential of the region, land resource and ownership, inequities in levels of development between and within regions of the country, Woreda or administrative distributions among the Somali-clans, political power division, and regional volatile political issues. The diplomatic mission follows criticism of the U.S. and the international community over its reaction to a conflict that has seen numerous accusations of war crimes. The communication blackout in Tigray region and a propaganda war from both parties make it difficult to evaluate the actual steps and outcomes of the conflict. I argue that ethnic conflict, Though there is no universally accepted definition to the notion of federalism, for the concept is dynamic and has changed its nature through time, it has become an important instrument to serve, This report was prepared by Mr. Milivoje Panic, a member of the Committee for Development Policy, as a background paper for deliberations by the Committee at its seventh session. into African Union), Ethiopia played an essential role in laying the foundation for Africa's anti-colonial struggles. Leiden University Abstract J. Abbink focuses on some problems and prospects of ethno-regional federalism in Ethiopia. About 2.9 million new displacements associated with conflict were recorded in Ethiopia, the highest figure in the world and four times as many as in 2017. in the 1960s. November 5, 2019 Ethnic conflict | Definition, Causes, Types, Examples, & Facts But even before then, political resentment was brewing. December 19, 2019 This In Brief lays out the implications of the conflict for the Horn of Africa. The Ethiopian government has expressed fears that the fighting may soon engulf the capital Addis Ababa. For almost three decades, the TPLF controlled the government and military. Due to different factors, the Amharas have settled in many areas of Oromia region by migrating from their home. It may be almost too late to avert an all-out civil war in Ethiopia. While the Biden administration has called for all belligerents in the Tigray region to agree to a cease-fire, Ethiopia and Eritrea have accused the U.S. of supporting the insurgents. The consociational principle of power sharing, e.g., mutual veto, proportionality and quota should be used to mute ethno-political conflict by avoiding violent decision against the rights of the minority (either ethnic or political). Any action taken as a result of information, analysis, or advertisement on this site is ultimately the responsibility of the reader. [3] The causes of ethnic conflict are debated by political scientists and sociologists. Now, jarring reports of killings and sexual violence have come out of Tigray, Ethiopias northernmost region. Dias, A.M. (ed). Such conflicts have existed all over the world for centuries, but in the last 20 years, after the fall of Communism, they are in the focus of public attention, The root causes of ethnic conflict in Africa are poorly understood. The theoretical ground of this study claims that the conflict in Somali region is a clash between conflict actors over scarce resources and political power. As previously mentioned, these regions were drawn up based on the territory inhabited by the various ethnic groups. The armed conflict between the Ethiopian National Defense Forces and the Tigrayan regional forces, which erupted on the eve of November 3, was the latest in a long series of confrontations between Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and the leaders of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which governs . To create a sense of balance and share appointments and projects fairly, Government established Federal Character Commission but this has not stopped protests since government sometimes fail to use federal character for all appointments, hence the clamor for resource control among other demands. Bildhaan an International Journal of Somali Studies. What is behind the ethnic divide in Ethiopia? Accordingly, the root causes of the post 1991 ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia associated with nation building process and centralization of power in Ethiopia and power sharing conflicts. For example, employment into public office, ministries, agencies and directorates of federal government are mostly for tribal reasons and not competence. Across Kenyas northern border lies Ethiopia; a country with many similarities to Kenya in terms of religious demography, historical religious power relations, a long border with an instable Somalia and a significant presence of conservative factions of Islam stemming from the Arabian Peninsula. <> Here's a look at the reasons underpinning Ethiopia's ethnic tensions, which have been decades in the making. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 0000004283 00000 n The post 1991 'inter ethnic' conflicts in Ethiopia: An investigation The major causes of such armed ethnic conflicts in Africa continue to baffle both scholars and policymakers. The Legacy of Power Sharing in Kenya: Literature Challenges and Research Agenda's Invisibilities, 'No one can stay without someone' Transnational networks amongst the Nuer-speaking peoples of Gambella and South Sudan freddie carver aNd duol ruach Guok, Decentralisation as Ethnic Closure, with Special Reference to a Declining Negotiated Access to Natural Resources in Western Ethiopia Dereje Feyissa, The New State of South Sudan: Econmic and Secuity Diamesions to Ethiopia, From Subject to Citizen? An offensive launched in June 2021 by the Tigrayan forces resulted in the recapture of the main towns, including Tigray's capital Mekelle, leading the Ethiopian government to declare a unilateral. The ethnic groups of Amhara and Oromo within Oromia and Amhara have a long history of close relationships in economic, social and political affairs. It examines the dynamics of Gambellas political economy and the process of incorporating the region and the Nuer transhumant communities in particular into the national economy. With the opposition parties now officially in Ethiopia, can one expect a negotiated peace in the Somali Region? History show that modern Nigeria came out of the merging of two British colonial territories of southern and northern protectorates in 1914. The Conversation asked Gloria Emeagwali, professor of African history at Central Connecticut State University, to explain how the crisis in Ethiopia developed, and what hope there is for a path away from catastrophe. The conflict in the Tigray region in northern Ethiopia has now been going on for more than a year.
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