determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative gender

A 26, 133153. Educ. 85, 409423. The study procedures followed the American Psychological Association ethics code, which included confirming participants informed consent, a confidentiality agreement, and a statement of anonymity. Qualitative Variable (Categorical Variable): Definition and Examples Importantly, ME has been shown to play a role between metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive monitoring or regulation (Wang and Guo, 2000). (2019). GD20XXL05). doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5, Di Crosta, A., and La Malva, P. (2017). Crossman, Ashley. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80, Su, J., and Ye, H. (2020). Therefore, the present study chose to investigate METP. Favorite song. These inconsistencies between thinking and emotional experience from a time perspective (TP) could be because, from the perspective of the function of ETP, RETP in fact focuses on the future, as the present and future states can be changed, but the past cannot be changed. In other cases, our subjective experience of time synchronizes roughly with objective time. 161, 195200. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Adv. It should be noted that MLQ-P refers to the degree to which an individual feels that their life is meaningful (i.e., emphasizing cognitive results), while MLQ-S refers to the degree to which an individual actively searches for meaning, i.e., emphasizing cognitive processes (Steger et al., 2006; Wang, 2013). Notice that arithmetic operations cannot be performed on these attributes. Li, Y. Montemayor, C., and Wittmann, M. (2022). Rumination, meanwhile, focuses mainly on negative experiences or stressful events, and findings have suggested that rumination about past failures is related to time awareness (Tipples, 2018). Based on this, we speculated that MIL will also be one of the factors influencing METP. The index of qualitative variation (IQV) is a measure of variability for nominal variables, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. Sci. (2022). Predicting the perceived flow of time from qualities of activity and depth of engagement. Previous studies have shown that negative past, fatalistic present, and future time perspective in the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory significantly predicted the feeling of the passage of time (Yu et al., 2018a,b). An S-shaped pattern in the perceived passage of time: how social interaction governs temporal experience. Solved 2. Determine whether the following variables are | Chegg.com 15, 432438. Results of regression analysis of factors influencing METP. Results of measurement invariance test. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9329.2007.00348.x, Ratcliffe, M. (2012). Exercise 1.4.2. C. Ratio. This includes the presence of meaning as well as the search for meaning (Steger, 2009; Wang, 2013). J. Clin. Res. Comment. Answer: Correct Answer is Option. The main feature of metacognition is that it connects perception, memory, thinking, and language, which until that point had been traditionally considered to be separate from one another. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Variables: What's the Difference? Post any question and get expert help quickly. Statistics and Probability questions and answers. J. Pers. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. The results led to the development of the METP Scale which contains 15 items and assesses two factors: ruminative and emotional experience of time passing. It is noted that a large number of empirical studies have explored time perception and self-awareness within the context of psychology, and proved that time perception is closely related to such cognitive functions as attention, working memory, and thinking (Droit-Volet, 2013; Matthews and Meck, 2016; Droit-Volet et al., 2018; Nazari et al., 2018). In turn, the ED of each standard unit of time is mainly based on the dynamics of social interaction. As shown in Table 5, the results supported the configural invariance of the two-factor structure of the METP Scale in terms of gender, grade, and major. O A. For instance, if we have a distribution that consists entirely of Hispanic people, there is no diversity among the variable of race, and our IQV would be 0.00. In addition, according to the basic principles of psychometrics, at least five samples are required to complete the interview, exploratory factor analysis of the initial questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation validity test and retest reliability test, respectively. Table 3. "Index of Qualitative Variation." In addition, RETP was found to have a significant positive correlation with PPA, PPR, and PFU, no relationship with NPA and NPR, but a significant negative correlation with NFU (r =0.11, p <0.01). M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, and W. van Beek (Cham: Springer), 115129. C. R. Snyder and S. J. Lopez (New York: Oxford University Press), 679687. Soc. 7, 1629. Comparison of confirmatory factor analysis results. Psychol. 500+ questions answered. Neuro Quantol. The results showed that the two-factor model fit the data well, and all indicators met the criteria. 1.2 Data Classification Flashcards | Quizlet Passage of time judgments in everyday life are not related to duration judgments except for long durations of several minutes. METP Scale has good correlation validity, meanwhile, the results of regression analysis showed that symptom rumination, positive past, negative present, positive future, and searching for meaning in life significantly predict the intensity of METP. Given that individuals generally tend to underestimate their self-worth and construct a more negative sense of self (Zhang et al., 2021), individuals responses to the question, Do you feel you have meaning in your life?, may have been more conservative and negative. The IQV is based on the ratio of the total number of differences in the distribution to the maximum number of possible differences in the same distribution. XY and JL participated in the research design, interview organization, questionnaire preparation and testing, data collation and analysis, and manuscript writing and proofreading. Five hundred and seventy-nine college students were tested a second time to investigate the correlation validity between METP and Ruminative Responses, time attitude, and meaning in life. The relationship between adolescent time attitude and academic procrastination: the mediating role of achievement motivation. In contrast, when the cases in a distribution are distributed evenly across the categories, there is maximum variation or diversity, and the IQV is 1.00. Gender Temperature Number of days during the past week that a college student studied Zip code Approach Quantitative variables are numerical measures such that meaningful arithmetic operations can be performed on the values of the variable. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, Determine whether the following variables are qualitative or quantitative. We would like to thank all the college students who participated in the study and the teachers who organized the testing. In contrast, ME is a cognitive or emotional experience that accompanies and is subordinate to intellectual activity. Of all the items, the deletion of item 21 caused the reliability of the questionnaire to reach 0.882. The illusions of time passage: why time passage is real. doi: 10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2009.05.028, Jahanitabesh, A., Cardwell, B. Yu et al. Soc. Furthermore, cross-cultural research is needed to explore and verify the structure of the METP Scale in other geographic or cultural regions. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Information of the total sample size of this study. Time Soc. Rev. Sample 1 took part in an open-ended, semi-structured interview, while the remaining four samples were tested using electronic questionnaires in class. Acta Psychol. In contrast, few empirical studies currently exist on METP, as the other metacognitive factor of time passing. In the current study, however, RETP comprises the dominant part of the scale. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: a new area of psychology inquiry, in Metacognition: Core Readings. The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. The split half reliability of the total Scale and the RETP and EETP dimensions of the METP Scale were 0.76, 0.88 and 0.79, respectively. 53, 6465. That is, the symptom rumination (SRU), positive past (PPA), negative present (NPR), positive future (PFU), and searching for meaning (MLQ-S) were shown to significantly predict METP. (2022). Question: Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative Weight Is the variable qualitative or quantitative? 30, 599606. The results showed that the correlation between the total METP Scale score and the total scores of ruminative responses (RR) and meaning in life (MIL) were 0.37 and 0.21, respectively, and the p values were all less than 0.001. The S-shape model was proposed by Flaherty (2018) as an earlier theoretical model that discussed the velocity of time passing. Through item analysis and EFA, 15 items were extracted, which comprised the metacognitive ruminant experience as well as the emotional experience of time passing (RETP & EETP). Furthermore, the time perspective scale used in both studies lacked a detailed division of future, that is, specifying future positive and future negative, which is crucial for adolescents which did not rise to the level of metacognition in the stage of identity development. A. Mello, Z. R., and Worrell, F. C. (2015). The variable is qualitative because it is an attribute characteristic. 8, 5165. Temperature is a quantitative variable because it is numeric, and operations such as addition and subtraction provide meaningful results. A.The variable is discrete because it is For the following variables, classify each as discrete or continuous The index of qualitative variation can vary from 0.00 to 1.00. Specifically, the MSTP belongs more to MKTP (metacognitive knowledge of time passing), conceptually, but lacks a metacognitive experience perspective. (2006) and revised by Wang (2013) to test ones degree of understanding of the meaning in life (MIL), accompanied by the degree of awareness of ones own life purpose and mission. Through literature analysis, open and semi-structured interviews, and incorporation of the concepts of traditional Chinese time culture, this study developed and verified the METP Scale testing experience of time passing. This scale was developed through the course of this study, and the first version of it consisted of 24 questions and was scored on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Second, the results of regression analysis showed that several dimensions of time attitude, positive future (PFU), negative present (NPR), and positive past (PPA), can significantly predict METP. Sin. 14:1180863. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180863. (2008). This provides an entry into exploring the connotations and structure of Chinese peoples METP. Campus Life Mental Health 20, 426432. Ye, B., Wu, D., Im, H., Liu, M., Wang, X., and Yang, Q. Timing Time Percept. 25, 10031011. b. Curr. Answer - The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure . The reason for this could be that the METP mainly focuses on the past (Tipples, 2018), and involves a richness of ideas and advanced thinking processes such as reasoning and memory (Yu et al., 2018a). Psychol. The retest reliability of the total Scale and the RETP and EETP dimensions of the METP Scale were 0.78, 0.77, and 0.78, respectively. Cogn. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb00424.x. CFA was carried out using the data from Samples 3 and 4 to verify the structural validity of the METP Scale. The METP is the consciousness of the ongoing march of life. 53, 8093. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7504.2001.06.005, Gefter, A. In fact, the present study did confirm the dimension of thinking experience in the self-developed scale, and the content of this dimension is consistent with the cognitive complexity and significance proposed by Flaherty (2018). doi: 10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2023.01.024, Yu, X., Liu, J., Feng, G., Chen, X., and Lu, C. (2022). Ego identity status and time management in college students: mediating effect of emotion and attention of passage of lifetime. Rumination response (RR) is a way of thinking that repeatedly focuses on negative emotions and corresponding events. Could we experience the passage of time? Review on temporal self research. J. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Consider the following variable: Temperature. Classify the variable as The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Review Committee of School of Education Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University. O C. The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. J. [Southwest University], Chongqing. The METP, as an intermediary element of the metacognitive activity of time passing, can activate the consciousness of time passing, regulate the monitoring of time passing, and thereby strengthen the perceived value of time and time management ability. (2014) was the first to research the metacognition of time passing, investigating individuals understanding of the factors influencing their awareness of time passing using a questionnaire. Finally, we tested to see whether the Cronbach coefficient of the scale would be significantly improved after the deletion of each individual item. Results of item-total statistics. An example individual is cappuccino, which is a hot coffee that has 60 calories, 8 grams of sugar, and 75 milligrams of caffeine. 173, 116121. Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development. *Correspondence: Xide Yu, dr_cider@outlook.com, Related concepts or potential influencing factors, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180863, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180863/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.005, Wittmann, M., Rudolph, T., Linares Gutierrez, D., and Winkler, I. O C. The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. Table 5. J. Electrocardiol. The specific fitting indices of each model are shown in Table 4. Is time an illusion? Explain your reasoning. Quantitative Variables: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter Math Statistics Quantitative Variables Quantitative Variables Quantitative Variables Calculus Absolute Maxima and Minima Absolute and Conditional Convergence Accumulation Function Accumulation Problems Algebraic Functions Alternating Series Antiderivatives Application of Derivatives The S-shape model explains in detail the reasons for the three kinds of results of the ETP, that is, change in the ETP reflects the change in experiential density (ED) of each standard unit of time. J. Behav. In the S-shape model, changes in the ETP occur in the context of standard units of objective time. Second, the two dimensions of metacognitive experience of time passing (METP), ruminative experience of time passing (RETP) and emotional experience of time passing (EETP), were seen to have distinct scores separate from the overall METP Scale, which is in line with concept of metacognitive experience raised by Flavell, which proposes that experience includes both a cognitive and emotional component (Wang and Guo, 2000). Psychol. Types of Variables Biostatistics College of Public Health and Solved Determine whether the variable is qualitative or | Chegg.com 5, 2123. eds. Interestingly, Flaherty had a unique interpretation of ED, and argued that we cannot take for granted that ED is the absolute number of situations, events, or even human interactions; instead, ED should be regarded as a cognitive involvement brought about by these situations, events, and interpersonal interactions. Determine whether the following variables are qualitative or quantitative. doi: 10.1037/bul0000045. Two points should be considered when discussing METP in the context of Chinese time culture. Index of Qualitative Variation. 2, 339359. Health Psychol. Flavell, J. H. (1981). Time perception, depression and sadness. doi: 10.1002/pchj.270, Droit-Volet, S., Trahanias, P., and Maniadakis, M. (2017). (2018b), with the exception of the same predictive variable of negative attitude towards the present, there was completely opposite valence in all other predictive variables of the time perspective. (2020). Confucius Acad. 1.2: Variables and Types of Data - Statistics LibreTexts The discussion of the passage of time depends on the understanding that time exists. Measures of dispersion like the range, interquartile range, and standard deviation. doi: 10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20220107, Li, X., Mao, Y., Lv, H., and Wang, Y. Notably, recent research has shown significant differences in the feeling of the passage of time (FPT) across a number of demographic variables. Bull. Mello and Worrell (2007) found that the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory showed poor reliability and validity in adolescents, and in response, developed the Adolescent Time Attitude Inventory (ATAI). The variable is qualitative because it is an attribute characteristic. C. Hence, at least for the college students, the relationship between ETP and time perspective requires further exploration.

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