creatine monohydrate supplementation has been shown to improve:

Does Creatine Cause Acne? Its Effects on Skin - Verywell Health For example, Bakian et al. Maganaris C., Maughan R. Creatine supplementation enhances maximum voluntary isometric force and endurance capacity in resistance trained men. Creatine supplementation does not improve cognitive function in young adults. Cornish S.M., Chilibeck P.D., Burke D.G. 1Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, 2Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA; ude.fcu@tuotS.yerffeJ. Peeters B.M., Lantz C.D., Mayhew J.L. Tarnopolsky M.A., Parshad A., Walzel B., Schlattner U., Wallimann T. Creatine transporter and mitochondrial creatine kinase protein content in myopathies. Thelin S., Hultman J., Ronquist G., Hansson H.E. The role of dietary creatine. Ydfors M., Hughes M.C., Laham R., Schlattner U., Norrbom J., Perry C.G. For example, Roy et al. Short-term creatine supplementation improves maximum quadriceps contraction in women. Earnest C.P., Almada A.L., Mitchell T.L. Oral Creatine Supplementation Augments the Repeated Bout Effect. Sestili P., Martinelli C., Bravi G., Piccoli G., Curci R., Battistelli M., Falcieri E., Agostini D., Gioacchini A.M., Stocchi V. Creatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activity. Balestrino M., Adriano E. Creatine as a Candidate to Prevent Statin Myopathy. Izquierdo M., Ibanez J., Gonzalez-Badillo J.J., Gorostiaga E.M. Finally, Ostojic and colleagues [311] reported that GAA supplementation (2.4 g/day for 3 months) positively affected creatine metabolism and work capacity in women with CFS but did not affect general fatigue symptoms musculoskeletal soreness. Fumagalli S., Fattirolli F., Guarducci L., Cellai T., Baldasseroni S., Tarantini F., Di Bari M., Masotti G., Marchionni N. Coenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Creatine supplementation and exercise. x 14 days --> 2 g PO b.i.d. Deldicque L., Louis M., Theisen D., Nielens H., Dehoux M., Thissen J.-P., Rennie M.J., Francaux M. Increased IGF mRNA in Human Skeletal Muscle after Creatine Supplementation. Dawson B., Cutler M., Moody A., Lawrence S., Goodman C., Randall N. Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints. Oehninger S., Alexander N.J. The creatine kinase reaction: A simple reaction with functional complexity. Froman D.P., Feltmann A.J. While all studies do not report benefits, these findings provide some support that creatine and/or GAA may have some therapeutic benefit for patients with CFS, PFS, ME, and/or fibromyalgia. Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. The researchers found that creatine feeding significantly increased the ratio of brain PCr to Pi and promoted a 25% reduction in the volume of brain damage. Chilibeck and associates [150] found that creatine supplementation (0.1 g/kg/day) during 12 months of resistance training increased strength and bone density in postmenopausal women. Ahmun R.P., Tong R.J., Grimshaw P.N. This study evaluated the effects of CrM supplementation during a strength and conditioning training (SCT) program on lower-limb strength parameters and performance . The kidney, pancreas, liver, and some regions in the brain contain AGAT with most GAA formed in the kidney and converted by GMAT to creatine in the liver [35,36,37]. iron "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its - Springer Treatment with Creatine Monohydrate in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. It has been well established that creatine and its related compound cyclocreatine have anticancer properties [144,303,304]. Creatine is a naturally occurring substance found in muscle tissue. Jagim A.R., Oliver J.M., Sanchez A., Galvan E., Fluckey J., Riechman S., Greenwood M., Kelly K., Meininger C., Rasmussen C., et al. The reason animal studies may have yielded more promising results may be due to the fact that people typically do not present with symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., ALS, HD, PD, etc.) Ainsley Dean P.J., Arikan G., Opitz B., Sterr A. For these reasons, it is no surprise that creatine supplementation has been shown to improve intermittent high-intensity exercise performance [3,107]. As noted below, there is also evidence that creatine supplementation may maintain energy availability during brain ischemia and reduce stroke-related damage. Creatine synthesis: Hepatic metabolism of guanidinoacetate and creatine in the rat in vitro and in vivo. De Paola M., Sestito S.E., Mariani A., Memo C., Fanelli R., Freschi M., Bendotti C., Calabrese V., Peri F. Synthetic and natural small molecule TLR4 antagonists inhibit motoneuron death in cultures from ALS mouse model. Lukaszuk J.M., Robertson R.J., Arch J.E., Moyna N.M. Effect of a Defined Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet and Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Plasma Creatine Concentration. Chwalbiska-Moneta J. Therefore, a normal-sized individual may need to consume 23 g/day of creatine to maintain normal creatine stores depending on diet, muscle mass, and physical activity levels. Creatine has also been shown to increase lean body mass, mostly through increasing the fluid content of muscle cells. Additionally, creatine has been shown to increase the activity of muscle . Potential ergogenic effects of arginine and creatine supplementation. 14.7 Brief Description of Treatment. Jones A.M., Carter H., Pringle J.S.M., Campbell I.T. Chrusch M.J., Chilibeck P.D., Chad K.E., Davison K.S., Burke D.G. Effects of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation Combined with Complex Training on Muscle Damage and Sport Performance. Creatine - NSCA The Evolving Applications of Creatine Supplementation: Could Creatine Improve Vascular Health? Lyoo I.K., Kong S.W., Sung S.M., Hirashima F., Parow A., Hennen J., Cohen B.M., Renshaw P.F. Effects of Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Coingestion on Multiple Indices of Mechanical Power Output during Repeated Wingate Tests in Trained Men. Creatine supplementation attenuates pulmonary and systemic effects of lung ischemia and reperfusion injury. In this regard, over recent years, researchers have been investigating the potential therapeutic role of creatine supplementation on health-related conditions such as diabetes [11], sarcopenia [4,6,12,13], osteoporosis [2,14], cancer [10,15,16,17,18], rehabilitation [4,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26], cognition [3,27,28,29], and cardiovascular health [5,6,8,30,31,32], among others. However, a large multi-site clinical trial conducted by Bender and coworkers [51] on PD, HD, and ALS patients did not find promising results. Creatine is an important energy source for immune cells, can help support a healthy immune system, and may have some anticancer properties. [178] also reported that cognition on some tasks was improved with creatine ethyl ester supplementation (5 g/day for 15 days). Toniolo R.A., Fernandes F.B.F., Silva M., Dias R.D.S., Lafer B. Cognitive effects of creatine monohydrate adjunctive therapy in patients with bipolar depression: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Zervou S., Whittington H.J., Russell A.J., Lygate C.A. Johnston A.P.W., Burke D.G., MacNeil L.G., Candow D.G. Mujika I., Padilla S. Creatine Supplementation as an Ergogenic Aid for Sports Performance in Highly Trained Athletes: A Critical Review. Steenge G.R., Simpson E.J., Greenhaff P.L. Ling et al. Creatine supplementation: Its Role in Human Performance. Rawson E.S. The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and One-Repetition Maximum Strength. Creatine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics One of the more novel potential uses of creatine is its influence on the immune system. Fairman C.M., Kendall K.L., Hart N.H., Taaffe D.R., Galvao D.A., Newton R.U. Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Effects of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after repeated-sprint exercise in humans. Rahimi R., Mirzaei B., Rahmani-Nia F., Salehi Z. Classification of the Molecular Defects Associated with Pathogenic Variants of the SLC6A8 Creatine Transporter. Resistance training with creatine monohydrate improves upper-body strength in patients with Parkinson disease: A randomized trial. Aedma M., Timpmann S., Ltt E., pik V. Short-term creatine supplementation has no impact on upper-body anaerobic power in trained wrestlers. Okudan N., Gokbel H. The effects of creatine supplementation on performance during the repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise. Del Favero S., Roschel H., Artioli G., Ugrinowitsch C., Tricoli V., Costa A., Barroso R., Negrelli A.L., Otaduy M.C., Leite C.D.C., et al. Enhanced Pre Workout Creatine Monohydrate Supplement - Support . Bender A., Samtleben W., Elstner M., Klopstock T. Long-term creatine supplementation is safe in aged patients with Parkinson disease. Structural correlates of the creatine transporter function regulation: The undiscovered country. Zuniga J.M., Housh T.J., Camic C.L., Hendrix C.R., Mielke M., Johnson G.O., Housh D.J., Schmidt R.J. Collectively, these findings indicate that creatine supplementation may have anticancer properties. Further, creatine supplementation during energy-restriction-induced weight loss interventions may be an effective way to preserve muscle mass, promote fat loss, and thereby help manage adult-onset obesity. Green A.L., Simpson E.J., Littlewood J.J., Macdonald I.A., Greenhaff P.L. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of creatine monohydrate as adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression. Creatine supplementation can increase cellular energy availability and support general health, fitness, and well-being throughout the lifespan. Moreover, Amorim et al. Wallimann T., Tokarska-Schlattner M., Schlattner U. Sales L.P., Pinto A.J., Rodrigues S.F., Alvarenga J.C., Goncalves N., Sampaio-Barros M.M., Benatti F.B., Gualano B., Rodrigues Pereira R.M. Stockler-Ipsiroglu S., van Karnebeek C.D. Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in - PubMed There is no scientific evidence that the short- or long-term use of creatine monohydrate has any detrimental effects on otherwise healthy . Ostojic S.M. Jones A.M., Atter T., Georg K.P. MacDougall J.D., Ward G.R., Sale D.G., Sutton J.R. Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization. Creatine Deficiency Syndromes. Creatine monohydrate and resistance training increase bone mineral content and density in older men. While these types of studies could not be performed in humans, they support contentions that creatine supplementation may reduce the severity of TBI and/or SCI. Rawson E.S., Conti M.P., Miles M.P. Ipsiroglu O.S., Stromberger C., Ilas J., Hoger H., Muhl A., Stockler-Ipsiroglu S. Changes of tissue creatine concentrations upon oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate in various animal species. Opt Eijnde B., Urso B., Richter E.A., Greenhaff P.L., Hespel P. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization. Kim J., Lee J., Kim S., Yoon D., Kim J., Sung D.J. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on near-maximal strength and repeated sets of high-intensity bench press exercise. The researchers found that PCr administration improved energy availability to the heart, reduced the incidence of arrhythmias, and improved myocardial function. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance. For example, Anyukhovsky et al. The effect of oral creatine supplementation on the 1000-m performance of competitive rowers. Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Barnett C., Hinds M., Jenkins D.G. Candow D.G., Chilibeck P.D., Burke D.G., Mueller K.D., Lewis J.D. Moreover, in a proof-of-concept study [172], these researchers reported that creatine supplementation (6 g/day for 6 weeks) in patients with bipolar disorder type I or II enhanced remission MADRS scores in participants who completed the study. Yoon S., Kim J.E., Hwang J., Kim T.S., Kang H.J., Namgung E., Ban S., Oh S., Yang J., Renshaw P.F., et al. Salazar M.D., Zelt N.B., Saldivar R., Kuntz C.P., Chen S., Penn W.D., Bonneau R., Leman J.K., Schlebach J.P. Received 2020 Dec 8; Accepted 2021 Jan 27. Furthermore . Wallimann T., Riek U., Moddel M. Intradialytic creatine supplementation: A scientific rationale for improving the health and quality of life of dialysis patients. Background: Chronic supplementation with creatine monohydrate has been shown to promote increases in total intramuscular creatine, phosphocreatine, skeletal muscle mass, lean body mass and muscle fiber size. The effects of creatine supplementation on muscular performance and body composition responses to short-term resistance training overreaching. Harris R.C., Soderlund K., Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. The role of creatine in energy metabolism will be discussed in greater detail in another paper in this special issue. After comprehensively reviewing the literature, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) concluded that creatine is the most effective ergogenic nutritional supplement currently available to athletes in terms of increasing high-intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training [1,42,44,89]. Hanna-El-Daher L., Braissant O. Creatine synthesis and exchanges between brain cells: What can be learned from human creatine deficiencies and various experimental models? Influence of creatine supplementation on the functional capacity of patients with heart failure. Phosphocreatine administration and possibly creatine supplementation may support heart metabolism and health, particularly during ischemic challenges. Muscular Atrophy and Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Is There a Role for Creatine Supplementation? Bakian A.V., Huber R.S., Scholl L., Renshaw P.F., Kondo D. Dietary creatine intake and depression risk among U.S. adults. These researchers also reported that random number generation, forward spatial recall, and long-term memory tasks were significantly improved in elderly participants when supplemented with creatine. In this regard, they monitored 1687 participants who supplemented their diet with creatine (9.5 g/day for up to 5 years). Caete S., Juan A.F.S., Prez M., Gmez-Gallego F., Lpez-Mojares L.M., Earnest C., Fleck S.J., Lucia A. [308] reported that greater pain levels inversely related to the N-acetylaspartylglutamate/creatine ratio in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of a group of 89 women with CF compared to controls. [144] also noted that the efficacy of the anticancer medication methylglyoxal (MG) is significantly augmented in the presence of creatine and that administration of creatine, methylglyoxal, and ascorbic acid provided greater efficacy and eliminated visible signs of tumor growth. Roberts P.A., Fox J., Peirce N., Jones S., Casey A., Greenhaff P.L. Creatine and its potential therapeutic value for targeting cellular energy impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the available evidence, the following can be reasonably concluded based. Bernat P., Candow D.G., Gryzb K., Butchart S., Schoenfeld B.J., Bruno P. Effects of high-velocity resistance training and creatine supplementation in untrained healthy aging males. . Candow D.G., Chilibeck P.D. Leland K.M., McDonald T.L., Drescher K.M. The American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine have come to similar conclusions in their position stands [129,130]. The Different Types of Creatine, Plus Their Benefits and Uses Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation. Creatine supplementation, particularly with resistance training, can promote gains in strength and help maintain or increase muscle mass in older individuals. The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30km race. Several studies have found that creatine supplementation attenuates mental fatigue [27,28,127] and/or can improve cognition, executive function, and/or memory [28,94,127,168,177,179]. Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players. This coupling reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and therefore creatine acts as a direct and/or indirect antioxidant [18,21,62,63]. Volek J.S., Duncan N.D., Mazzetti S.A., Staron R.S., Putukian M., Gmez A.L., Pearson D.R., Fink W.J., Kraemer W.J. ; funding acquisition, R.B.K. Fakih H., MacLusky N., DeCherney A., Wallimann T., Huszar G. Enhancement of human sperm motility and velocity in vitro: Effects of calcium and creatine phosphate. Kreider R.B., Kalman D.S., Antonio J., Ziegenfuss T.N., Wildman R., Collins R., Candow D.G., Kleiner S.M., Almada A.L., Lopez H.L. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and Creatine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Creatine supplementation increases soleus muscle creatine content and lowers the insulinogenic index in an animal model of inherited type 2 diabetes. 7 Sources. [22] reported that creatine supplementation (20 g/day for 5 days and 5 g/day for 79 days) improved physical function, lower-limb lean mass, and quality of life in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis undergoing strengthening exercises. Effects of oral creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycle performance. Wallimann T., Dolder M., Schlattner U., Eder M., Hornemann T., OGorman E., Ruck A., Brdiczka D. Some new aspects of creatine kinase (CK): Compartmentation, structure, function and regulation for cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics and physiology. Background: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation has been shown to be an effective and safe nutritional supplement to improve performance; however, the impact of CrM supplementation in young basketball players is less clear. until they have lost 70% or more of their alpha neurons. Andreassen O.A., Dedeoglu A., Ferrante R.J., Jenkins B.G., Ferrante K.L., Thomas M., Friedlich A., Browne S.E., Schilling G., Borchelt D.R., et al. Ramrez-Campillo R., Gonzlez-Jurado J.A., Martnez C., Nakamura F.Y., Peailillo L., Meylan C.M., Caniuqueo A., Caas-Jamet R., Moran J., Alonso-Martnez A.M., et al. The potential therapeutic effects of creatine supplementation on body composition and muscle function in cancer. de Guingand D.L., Palmer K.R., Snow R.J., Davies-Tuck M.L., Ellery S.J. Cooke M.B., Rybalka E., Williams A.D., Cribb P.J., Hayes A. Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. Backx E.M.P., Hangelbroek R., Snijders T., Verscheijden M.-L., Verdijk L.B., De Groot L.C.P.G.M., Van Loon L.J.C. has conducted industry sponsored research on creatine, received financial support for presenting on creatine at industry sponsored scientific conferences, and has served as an expert witness on cases related to creatine. [215] found that creatine supplementation (200800 mg/kg/day divided into 5 servings per day) significantly increased brain creatine and PCr levels in patients with GAMT-d and AGAT-d creatine synthesis deficiencies. Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Human Muscle GLUT4 Protein Physiological responses to short-term exercise in the heat after creatine loading. Creatine counteracts menopausal muscle, bone and strength loss. Campos-Ferraz P.L., Gualano B., das Neves W., Andrade I.T., Hangai I., Pereira R.T., Bezerra R.N., Deminice R., Seelaender M., Lancha A.H. Exploratory studies of the potential anti-cancer effects of creatine.

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