activities in rice production that contribute on environmental problems

Soriente A. However, farmers acknowledged that they helped each other and shared rice with others who were in need. Indian J Tradit Knowl. In addition to reducing tillage and breeding rice varieties that emit less methane, the most effective methods for reducing methane emissions include various practices that reduce the amount of time fields are flooded, including furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Compendium for early career researchers in mathematics education. Farmers mentioned weeds growing in patches in rice fields or infesting entire areas of the field. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453. Spatial scales of analysis to identify problems farmers perceived in the rice field agroecosystem(Photo: A. Hollaus). Between development and deforestation: negotiating citizenship in a commodified landscape. In the research area, the farmers used their knowledge about weather phenomena to identify the right burning and planting time. Smart fertilizer management and the quest for sustainable rice production How does rice straw burning compare with other straw management practices in terms of on-field CH4 and N2O emissions? Sander, B. O., Samson, M. & Buresh, R. J. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from flooded rice fields as affected by water and straw management between rice crops. Article The landscape is categorised by indigenous farmers into landscape elements, often based on the principal domains of biotic and abiotic criteria, human interventions, and their potential uses and functions [16, 17]. Land preparation included plowing using locally fabricated rotavators and puddling with wet leveling. In California, a state ravaged by drought, rice is one of the most water-intensive crops grown. Flooded rice production has a substantial environmental footprint, such as contributing 1.5% to global GHGEs5. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007076221799. At the same time, these food production systems themselves have a range of negative impacts on the environment. However, as demonstrated, indigenous farmers often integrated scientific knowledge and industrial agricultural technology to deal with the problems they encountered. Environmental impact of agriculture - Wikipedia Furthermore, each interviewee was first asked to participate and to sign a written letter of consent for the data to be used. Google Scholar. Rev Bras Geog Fis. Egay K. Re-situating the Saban ethnography: a reflection on the notion of the representation. The indicators including energy efficiency, agronomic use efficiency, net income, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) were quantified based on four treatments including manual broadcast-seeding, blower seeding, drum seeding, and mechanized transplanting. 1). ISSN 2045-2322 (online). (DR, Male, Kenyah, 59, VI). Rice almanac: Source book for the most important economic activity on earth. Sustainability. For most respondents, their rice fields provided enough rice to meet their demands. Len Villalobos JM, Vzquez Garca V, Ojeda Trejo E, McCall MK, Hernndez Hernndez J, Sinha G. Mapping from spatial meaning: bridging Hahu (Otomi) ecological knowledge and geo-information tools. Energy efficiency, GHGEs and net profit are commonly used as environmental and economic indicators of crop production13,48. Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition - PubMed A single kilo of beef,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034. Water was also obtained from natural ecosystems such as rivers and springs, including salt springs. Also, if the paddy [rice plant] is good, no need to use the baja [fertiliser], only need to spray [pesticides], thats all, to kill the weed. provided the general supervision and edited the manuscript. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-018-0656-9. Ecol Soc. Van Hung, N. et al. We just borrow [it], just for this year. In California, organic rice is much more established, with big-name brands like Lundberg Family Farms in operation since 1937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2010.08.002. However, if the participants just answered verbally, we invited them to draw the feature they had mentioned in the sketch. Four crop establishment practices showing (a) manual broadcasting (BroadC), (b) blower seeding (BlowS), (c) drum seeding (DrumS) and (d) mechanical transplanting (MecT). Weeding is seen as difficult and time-consuming work, but necessary. In comparison with direct seeding methods, the mechanized transplanting practice decreased the seed rate by 40% and reduced pesticide applications by 3040% in the main crop season (WS) of Vietnam. PubMed (DR, Male, Penan, 35, VI). The kind of path infrastructure (e.g. Because no money when our children go to school, no money. What are the underlying causes and consequences of these problems? https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v2i1.74. It also led to a 3040% reduction in pesticide use during the main crop season (WS). VNU J Sci Earth Environ Sci. Some farmers said that they lacked the financial resources or access required to obtain tools, farm inputs and machinery such as a bulldozer for levelling, the irrigation infrastructure or labour for rice field maintenance. Intercomparison of crop establishment methods for improving yield and profitability in the rice-wheat system of Eastern India. Some farmers coped with poor soil quality by applying synthetic fertiliser or said that they kept a vegetation strip above the field. Dalgaard, T., Halberg, N. & Porter, J. R. A model for fossil energy use in Danish agriculture used to compare organic and conventional farming. Global rice production is releasing damaging greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, doing as much harm as 1,200 average-sized coal power stations, according to the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). Pesticides, according to the respondents, caused health risks and could pollute water. How to Feed the World in 2050. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf (2020). Yield of straw only accounted for top parts of rice plant harvested is 50% of rice yield39. Ribeiro KV, Ribeiro KV, Albuquerque ELS, de Barros RFM. Sci. However, the landscape elements, besides being a source of problems, were also perceived to have a function in the mitigation of problems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.022. Farmers reported problems of fire accidentally spreading during the burning process in a dry rice field, burning a tree or a larger area than anticipated. For wet rice fields, if no suitable land was available, farmers needed to continue to cultivate dry rice fields. Google Scholar. 1 have consented to publish the paper as online open-access material. 2008;2:7492. Energy efficiency of rice production in farmers fields and intensively cropped research fields in the Philippines. To have enough rice, one strategy explained by a Kenyah farmer was to plant rice in sufficient quantities to store it for two years in the event of a poor harvest one year. We used a snowball sampling strategy [65] to identify participants and asked the two contact persons in each village, both of whom are rice farmers, for potential participants. 2018;55:246172. Poor accessibility to the rice field was related to a very long walk from the village and the condition of the path infrastructure. A comparative field experiment. Early, healthy plant establishment, reduced plant competition provided by spacing, improved soils that support the plants, and water management work together in a system that draws inspiration from natures interconnected processes. Furthermore, the valley areas were important for establishing a wet rice field and farmers tried not to use weed-dominated areas in bushland or grassland, reducing the possible area to make a rice field. Libr Inf Sci Res. 2017;1:116. Farmers knowledge and perception of agricultural wetland management in Rwanda. In dry rice fields, a steep slope poses the risk of falling, which can impact farmers health. Figure4 shows the energy input, GHGEs and production costs for rice production among the different crop establishment options applied with 1M5R. (DR, Male, Penan, 60). An assessment of irrigated rice cultivation with different crop establishment practices in Vietnam. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2014. The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Like farmers in Rumah Ranggong, Sarawak, the farmers in the research area preferred field locations next to logging roads for easier access [30]. Med. Global Gap. Article For instance, a rice plants appearance, such as microzones formed by the rice plant colour, was a key indicator of potential problems. Envirolab Asia. However, the farmers used less fertilizer for the MecT in the WS because of better rice plant growth and leaf color. animal disturbance, six social problems, e.g. Rao, A. N., Wani, S. P., Ramesha, M. S. & Ladha, J. K. Rice production systems. Insufficient water availability could be caused by dry weather conditions since most fields relied on rain for water. In response to certain problems, farmers could abandon their rice fields, for example fields with poor accessibility that makes the journey to the rice field unattractive. One farmer described an event that occurred during the planting season: During the nugan [planting], one, someone falls down, because it is steep like this. In wet rice fields, microrelief microzones were perceived in terms of field level differences of small depressions or elevations. In: ASAE Standard, 29th ed. The problem mentioned by farmers in relation to synthetic fertiliser was its application. https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/IPCC-Emissions-Factor-Database (2013). It needs water as input and pollutes rivers, lakes, and oceans by releasing nutrients. Jarrod Hardke grew up on a rice farm, grows rice, and is a rice extension agronomist at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture. Most of the Penan have become sedentary and only a small number of Penan continue to live in the tropical forest as nomadic hunter-gatherers [60]. reviewed and edited the mechanization parts; and G.R.S. Water management was considered as single- and multiple-drainage scenarios during the WS and SA, respectively (Fig. http://news.irri.org/2015/05/small-farmers-large-field-scheme.html (2015). http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:825546/FULLTEXT01.pdf (2015). [Commodity rice production] is an input-based model. Unpacking the processes that catalyzed adoption of best management practices for lowland irrigated rice in the Mekong Delta. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2011.01446.x. The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the soil, water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Munyua HM, Stilwell C. Three ways of knowing: agricultural knowledge systems of small-scale farmers in Africa with reference to Kenya. statement and Total Environ. Two indigenous farmers in Long Banga also believed that disturbing landscape elements such as salt springs or ancient graves by agricultural activities could cause diseases for farmers and thus should be avoided when selecting land for a rice field. Wet rice field showing microzones of patches of poor plant growth (yellowish rice plant colour), soil colour difference (reddish and black soil colour), water level differences (areas with and without water) and field level differences (higher and lower areas). In: Marten GG, editor. Since some of the farmers attributed certain weed-related problems to these landscape elements, we separated them from fallow land. 2016;64:31127. The landscape elements that contributed to insufficient water availability were grassland above rice fields, due to poor water retention, and hills, which were mentioned as having less water availability than areas in the valley. We have the knowledge that it can be done, she said, and her team is working on approaches to mechanization that include experimenting with machinery used in vegetable cultivation. GHGE (kg CO2-eq ha-1) is calculated based on Eq. Categorisation of 44 features included in the sketch drawings and oral interviews around RAEs into 16 landscape elements. The consequences of such problems are shown for the coastal region of Sarawak, where rice farmers face difficulties with buying farm inputs and machinery that affect their incomes and lead to poverty and migration to urban areas [34]. Human disturbance occurs when humans walk through or along the rice field, stepping on and damaging the rice plants and consequently leading to poor rice plant growth. Ecol Soc. (2012), for example, show that community-managed forests, whose management is largely based on traditional knowledge, are similarly effective at reducing deforestation as areas under protected status [19]. If an interview could not be held in English (n=29), the interview was translated in situ by a local interpreter from the interviewees language (Penan, Saban, Kenyah) or Malay into English. Social science research and conservation management in the interior of Borneo: unravelling past and present interactions of people and forests. This rate is bound to further rise as a result of an increase in the demand for food by . However, continued industrialisation, modernisation and external pressures are further influencing indigenous peoples traditional ways of life [60, 63]. Therefore, planting at the appropriate time was important: [In the wet rice field], if you plant in the dry season the paddy will die. With organic, youve got to throw all of that out the window.. Environ. Smith, P. et al. Sports Exerc. Fish in rice fields are another reason for human disturbance. Lovell, R. J. Identifying alternative wetting and drying (AWD) adoption in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta: A change detection approach. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. To compute for labor productivity, both hired and owned (family) male and female laborers were considered and the number of labor days per season (for all activities from land preparation until harvest, including regular field visits by farmers) were estimated by dividing the total labor cost per season by the average daily wage rate (VND 200,000day-1, collected during this research) at the time taken across all activities. Table 5 shows the sustainability performance indicators of crop production across the four field trial treatments in the WS and SA seasons. However, through the integration of modern farming practices, the traditional knowledge systems may be eroded, with remnants of this traditional knowledge only maintained by the older generations [86]. Preventive strategies aim to mitigate or influence the problem before it occurs, such as avoiding unsuitable areas for rice cultivation or spreading the risks of pests through social agreements on community planting times. [] if you drop the seed into the soil it needs to sit with water. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Organic Farming, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria, Alexander Hollaus,Christoph Schunko&Christian R. Vogl, Agroecology.AT, Consultancy on Agroecology and Sustainability of Agricultural Systems, Hauptstrasse 22, 2120, Obersdorf, Austria, Institute of Borneo Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia, You can also search for this author in 2017;12:13754. The landscape is therefore an arrangement of biotic, abiotic and cultural landscape elements recognised and referred to by common nouns (generic landscape terms or categories), rather than proper nouns (place names or toponyms) [41]. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag. J Arid Environ. If the soil is black, the paddy is good. Mechanized transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Nonpuddled and No-Till Conditions in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System in Haryana, India. Soc Nat Resour. Kumar, V. & Ladha, J. K. Direct seeding of rice: Recent developments and future research needs. Our insight contributes to a better understanding of how indigenous farmers perceive, cope with and adapt to problems in the landscape, which is important for landscape and resource management. 2011;52:13647. Data were collected by the first author during a three-month field trip to Long Lamai and Long Banga in early 2020. Geoderma 235236, 355362. Methane emission factors from Vietnamese rice production: pooling data of 36 field sites for meta-Analysis. 2000;28:30125. Vo, T. B. T. et al. https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.4.p1914-1934. In the dry rice field, one farmer highlighted that water availability was better down the slope than up it, and was therefore associated with slope differences. Scarecrows, generally upright poles with a human scent (e.g. Conducting research in conservation: social science methods and pracrice. 10, 085010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085010 (2015). The SRP Standard for Sustainable Rice Cultivation (Version 2.0), Sustainable Rice Platform. [If its too hot its not good, if its too much rain its also not good.] Google Scholar. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997. 2016;12:513. To identify problems with rice plant growth, the farmers used the properties of plant colour, plant growing, tiller quantity, yield and grain quality (Table 2). Your US state privacy rights, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09787-220437. In the results section, we present the findings in a table that links the problems to the causes, consequences and solutions, and to the landscape elements and microzones. Farmers used a variety of methods to minimise animal disturbances. It [] needs water. (DR, Male, Saban, 61, VI). AgriEngineering 2020(2), 489510. Farmers also associated primary forests with fertile soil. Some farmers mentioned avoiding planting crops that attract animals. Google Scholar. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-11-3. (2014)45, which is likely because of higher grain yield in the MRD compared to that produced in the Philippines. Mechanization status, promotional activities and government strategies of Thailand and Vietnam in comparison to Bangladesh. CAS fruit trees). The mean age of the participants was 52.85years (min. The importance of sustainable rice supply systems - Rice Today We argue that our results highlight similar benefits for MecT. However, MecT required the seedlings to be prepared 12days prior to crop establishment. address the above issues and assist lowland rice farmers to obtain higher returns on their investment in rice production. Rice direct seeding: Experiences, challenges and opportunities. Apart from the field owner personally catching the fish, no action was taken. The field area of each treatment ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 m2. (DR, Male, Penan, 50, VI). Article https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0409-x. 106, 20132023 (2014). 1c), and (4) MecT using the Yanmar VP7D25 transplanter (Fig. This equals 0.20.3 $US kg-1 paddy, which was 720% higher than FP and 2040% higher than that reported for conventional farmers in Devkota et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00013-9. We contend that mechanized transplanting would reduce or avoid herbicide application through enabling better vigor of rice seedlings after the field had been mechanically cultivated to manage weeds. & Neergaard, A. D. The effective mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies without compromising yield by early-season drainage. Boulder: Westview Press; 1986. p. 18798. 3rd ed. A similar former belief was demonstrated by the neighbouring Kelabit who were not allowed to enter salt lick ecosystems owing to fears of becoming sick [35]. Furthermore, thorny weeds pose a health risk of injuries to farmers during hand-weeding. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1269882. Adaptation to climate change: Does traditional ecological knowledge hold the key? What does this mean and why are numbers rising so fast? 76) and included 15 females and 28 males of the three ethnic groups (12 Kenyah, 15 Penan and 16 Saban). Agriculture is a major export earner for Guyana and employs roughly 17% of the labor force.

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